{"id":996,"date":"2008-12-22T13:54:06","date_gmt":"2008-12-22T11:54:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/?p=996"},"modified":"2016-10-20T14:14:35","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T12:14:35","slug":"chanuka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/996\/chanuka\/","title":{"rendered":"Chanuka"},"content":{"rendered":"

Od 25. kislevu do 2. tevetu slav\u00edme osmidenn\u00ed historicky sv\u00e1tek chanuka \/zasv\u011bcen\u00ed\/. Sv\u00e1tek chanuka, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako sv\u00e1tek sv\u011btel, je oslavou makabejsk\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad helenizovan\u00fdmi Sy\u0159any.<\/p>\n

Z historie:<\/strong> Kdy\u017e se \u017did\u00e9 vr\u00e1tili do Izraele z babyl\u00f3nsk\u00e9ho vyhnanstv\u00ed, postavili si v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b druh\u00fd chr\u00e1m, ale z\u016fstali nad\u00e1le v podru\u010d\u00ed persk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Perskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9m stolet\u00ed p\u0159. o. 1. dobyla \u0159eck\u00e1 arm\u00e1da Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho. Po Alexandrov\u011b smrti si obrovskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i rozd\u011blili jeho t\u0159i gener\u00e1lov\u00e9. Po l\u00edt\u00fdch boj\u00edch, kter\u00e9 zachv\u00e1tily cel\u00fd Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod, p\u0159ipadl Izrael Seleukovc\u016fm – dynastii vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed v S\u00fdrii. S n\u00e1stupem kr\u00e1le Antiocha IV. k moci za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 obdob\u00ed n\u00e1siln\u00e9 helenizace \/po\u0159e\u010d\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed\/ a \u00fatok\u016fm proti \u017eidovsk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd chr\u00e1m byl znesv\u011bcen a jeho poklady byly uloupeny. \u0158ekov\u00e9 pozab\u00edjeli mnoho nevinn\u00fdch lid\u00ed a uvalili na \u017didy t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 dan\u011b. Antiochus nechal v chr\u00e1mu postavit Diovu sochu a nutil \u017didy, aby se j\u00ed klan\u011bli. Zak\u00e1zal dodr\u017eovat \u0161abat a prov\u00e1d\u011bt ob\u0159\u00edzku. Nakonec se s\u00e1m nechal prohl\u00e1sit bohem a \u0159\u00edkal si „Antiochus Epifanes“ \/Bo\u017esk\u00fd Antiochus\/. Jeho souputn\u00edci mu ov\u0161em p\u0159ezd\u00edvali „Antiochus Epimanes“ \/Bl\u00e1zniv\u00fd Antiochus\/. Po cel\u00e9m Izraeli Rekov\u00e9 stav\u011bli sv\u00e9 olt\u00e1\u0159e a sochy sv\u00fdch bo\u017estev a nutili \u017didy t\u011bmto modl\u00e1m ob\u011btovat. V Modiim, vesnici nedaleko Jeruzal\u00e9ma, se v\u0161ak voj\u00e1k\u016fm postavil na odpor kn\u011bz Matitjahu z Cha\u0161monejsk\u00e9ho rodu. Spolu se sv\u00fdmi p\u011bti syny za\u00fato\u010dil na vojenskou pos\u00e1dku, n\u011bkolik voj\u00e1k\u016f zabil, zni\u010dil modlu a pot\u00e9 prchl do hor, kde za\u010dal shroma\u017e\u010fovat povstaleck\u00e9 s\u00edly. \u017didovsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da den ode dne rostla, jej\u00edm velitelem se stal Matitjah\u016fv syn – Jehuda Makabi. Za\u010dala partyz\u00e1nsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. Za noci vyr\u00e1\u017eeli \u017did\u00e9 proti syrsk\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m a s r\u00e1nem mizeli v hor\u00e1ch. A\u010dkoli jich bylo jen \u0161est tis\u00edc, porazili arm\u00e1du \u010dty\u0159iceti sedmi tis\u00edc Sy\u0159an\u016f. Antiochus vyslal proti Makabejc\u016fm dal\u0161\u00ed, je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed arm\u00e1du. V bitv\u011b u Bejt Cur v\u0161ak \u017did\u00e9 \u0161\u0165astn\u011b zv\u00edt\u011bzili. Zah\u00e1jili vojensk\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed na Jeruzal\u00e9m, osvobodili m\u011bsto, dobyli chr\u00e1m a vyh\u00e1zeli z n\u011bj modly. Kdy\u017e cht\u011bli zap\u00e1lit sv\u011btla menory \/sedmiramenn\u00fd sv\u00edcen\/, zjistili, \u017ee zbyl jen jeden d\u017eb\u00e1nek olivov\u00e9ho oleje ozna\u010den\u00fd pe\u010det\u00ed velekn\u011bze. Takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed ov\u0161em sta\u010d\u00ed jen na jedin\u00fd den a p\u0159\u00edprava dal\u0161\u00edho oleje trv\u00e1 osm dn\u00ed. P\u0159esto Makabejci lampy menory naplnili, zap\u00e1lili knoty a chr\u00e1m znovuzasv\u011btili. A stal se z\u00e1zrak. Olej nevyho\u0159el a vydr\u017eel po cel\u00fdch osm dn\u00ed, dokud nebyl k dispozici nov\u00fd olivov\u00fd olej. Rok nato vyhl\u00e1sili rab\u00edni osmidenn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek chanuka, oslavu v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou perzekuc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

tabulka n\u011bkter\u00fdch historick\u00fdch dat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
586 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
dobyt\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma Babylo\u0148any, zni\u010den\u00ed chr\u00e1mu<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
cca 550 p\u0159. o. l.\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
vznik Persk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, p\u00e1d Babyl\u00f3nie<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
500 – 449 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0159ecko-persk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
336 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
narozen\u00ed Alexandra Makedonsk\u00e9ho<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
312 p\u0159. o.l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
po\u010d\u00e1tek vl\u00e1dy Seleukovc\u016f v S\u00fdrii<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
167-135 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Makabejsk\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
149 -146 p\u0159. o. l<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
t\u0159et\u00ed \u201epunsk\u00e1“ v\u00e1lka<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
63 p\u0159.o.l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Pompeus dob\u00fdv\u00e1 Jeruzal\u00e9m<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Chanukia.<\/strong> Zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed osmiramenn\u00e9ho sv\u00edcnu je nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm chanukov\u00fdm p\u0159edpisem. Chanukia m\u00e1 osm ramen pro osm sv\u00ed\u010dek v jedn\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b a jedno rameno odd\u011blen\u00e9 pro pomocnou sv\u00edci zvanou ,\u0161ama\u0161“ \/sluha\/. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je zp\u016fsob zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed – prvn\u00ed den zap\u00e1l\u00edme jednu sv\u00ed\u010dku, druh\u00fd den dv\u011b a tak d\u00e1le, a\u017e osm\u00fd den ho\u0159\u00ed v\u0161ech osm sv\u00ed\u010dek. Sv\u00ed\u010dky chanukie nezapalujeme z\u00e1palkou nebo zapalova\u010dem, ale pomoc\u00ed „\u0161ama\u0161e“. P\u0159ed zap\u00e1len\u00edm sv\u00ed\u010dek sv\u00edcen um\u00edst\u00edme na dob\u0159e viditeln\u00e9 m\u00edsto, abychom \u201ed\u00e1le \u0161\u00ed\u0159ili chanukov\u00fd z\u00e1zrak do sv\u011bta.“ Tam, kde je to mo\u017en\u00e9, polo\u017e\u00edme chanukiu u vchodu do domu \u010di u branky na dv\u016fr. Nen\u00ed-li to mo\u017en\u00e9 (nebo bezpe\u010dn\u00e9), um\u00edst\u00edme sv\u00edcen do okna nebo ke dve\u0159\u00edm bytu.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161inou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me paraf\u00ednov\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky, kdo ale m\u00e1 tu mo\u017enost, m\u011bl by si koupit chanuku s osmi lampi\u010dkami, kter\u00e9 napln\u00ed, tak jako menoru v chr\u00e1mu, olivov\u00fdm olejem.<\/p>\n

Chanukov\u00e9 zvyky a tradice.<\/strong> Krom\u011b ji\u017e uveden\u00e9ho zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed chanukie se n\u00e1m osm dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tku sv\u011btel poj\u00ed se sevivonem \/dreidl, k\u00e1\u010da\/, na kter\u00e9m jsou naps\u00e1na \u010dty\u0159i hebrejsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmenka – nun, gimel, hej, \u0161in – znamenaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011btu: \u201enes gadol haja \u0161am “ \/z\u00e1zrak velk\u00fd byl tam\/. Lidov\u00e1 tvo\u0159ivost v\u0161ak p\u00edsmen\u016fm p\u0159i\u0159kla jin\u00fd v\u00fdznam. S dreidlem toti\u017e to\u010d\u00edme p\u0159i chanukov\u00e9 \u201ehazardn\u00ed“ h\u0159e. Do banku vlo\u017e\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd z hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f desetn\u00edk a postupn\u011b to\u010d\u00edme dreidlem. Komu padne nun \/ni\u0161t, jidi\u0161 nic\/, m\u00e1 sm\u016flu. O sv\u016fj vklad p\u0159i\u0161el a hraje dal\u0161\u00ed. Padne-li gimel, bere hr\u00e1\u010d cel\u00fd bank \/ganz, jidi\u0161 v\u0161e\/. Hej znamen\u00e1 jidi\u0161 halb, p\u016flku banku a \u0161in vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k opakov\u00e1n\u00ed pokusu \/\u0161p\u00edl, jidi\u0161 hraj\/. Chanuka m\u00e1 i sv\u00e1 typick\u00e1 j\u00eddla – sufganiot \/koblihy\/ a levivot \/latkes (jidi\u0161), brambor\u00e1ky\/. Ob\u011b j\u00eddla, jak v\u00e1m maminky potvrd\u00ed, vy\u017eaduj\u00ed mnoho oleje a olej p\u0159eci pat\u0159\u00ed k chanukov\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu.<\/p>\n

Chanukov\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b.<\/strong> P\u0159i zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed chanukov\u00fdch sv\u00ed\u010dek, po od\u0159\u00edk\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed, zp\u00edv\u00e1me dv\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b – Hanerot halalu \/tyto sv\u00ed\u010dky\/ a Maoz cur \/mocn\u00e1 sk\u00e1la\/. Ob\u011b se \u010dasem nau\u010d\u00edte zp\u00edvat p\u0159i hudebn\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b.<\/p>\n

Chanuka a \u017eeny.<\/strong> Existuje mnoho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f poj\u00edc\u00edch se k sv\u00e1tku chanuka. Zn\u00e1te ten o Ch\u00e1n\u011b, dce\u0159i velekn\u011bze, kter\u00e1 dala podn\u011bt ke vzpou\u0159e proti utla\u010dovatel\u016fm, kdy\u017e odm\u00edtla b\u00fdt po v\u016fli syrsk\u00e9mu vojev\u016fdci? Chytr\u00e1 Judita, podle jin\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, zase se lst\u00ed vstoupila do stanu syrsk\u00e9ho gener\u00e1la a nab\u00eddla mu velmi slan\u00fd s\u00fdr. Gener\u00e1l dostal \u017e\u00edze\u0148, Judita ho opila v\u00ednem a zne\u0161kodnila. Kdy\u017e Sy\u0159an\u00e9 vid\u011bli, \u017ee jsou bez gener\u00e1la, vzdali se a uprchl\u00ed ze zem\u011b. Smutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o jin\u00e9 Ch\u00e1n\u011b, matce sedmi syn\u016f, kter\u00e9 j\u00ed postupn\u011b ubili \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed voj\u00e1ci jen proto, \u017ee chlapci necht\u011bli p\u0159estoupit p\u0159\u00edkazy T\u00f3ry.
\nDodnes \u017eeny, po dobu kdy ho\u0159\u00ed chanukov\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky, nepracuj\u00ed, aby si p\u0159ipomn\u011bly pam\u00e1tku t\u011bchto state\u010dn\u00fdch \u017een.<\/p>\n

Osm dn\u00ed.<\/strong> \u010cast\u00e1 je ot\u00e1zka, pro\u010d slav\u00edme chanuku osm dn\u00ed. Osm dn\u00ed ho\u0159elo sv\u011btlo z jedin\u00e9ho nalezen\u00e9ho d\u017eb\u00e1nku olivov\u00e9ho oleje ozna\u010den\u00e9ho pe\u010det\u00ed velekn\u011bze, ale jen sedm dn\u00ed se tak d\u011blo \u201ez\u00e1zrakem“. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed koment\u00e1to\u0159i proto tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ji\u017e prvn\u00ed den uho\u0159ela pouze osminka oleje, a tak z\u00e1zrak skute\u010dn\u011b trval osm dn\u00ed, jin\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed za prvn\u00ed den z\u00e1zraku ji\u017e samotn\u00fd den vojensk\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad velikou nep\u0159\u00e1telskou p\u0159esilou.<\/p>\n

(Maharal, pra\u017esk\u00fd rabi L\u00f3w, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee \u010d\u00edslo osm v sob\u011b skr\u00fdv\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed. \u201eDo vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti svatyn\u011b jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu“, p\u00ed\u0161e ve sv\u00e9 knize Ner micva \/sv\u011btlo p\u0159\u00edkazu\/, \u201emohl vstoupit jen ten, kdo byl ob\u0159ezan\u00fd. Ob\u0159\u00edzka se prov\u00e1d\u00ed osm\u00fd den chlapcova \u017eivota, na znamen\u00ed, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk m\u00e1 schopnost p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat omezen\u00ed a n\u00e1strahy fyzick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, symbolizovan\u00e9ho sedmi\u010dkou – sedmi dny stvo\u0159en\u00ed, sedmi dny t\u00fddne a sedmi rameny menory. Menoru odd\u011bloval z\u00e1v\u011bs od nejsvat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed svatyn\u011b, od m\u00edsta, kde byly v ar\u0161e \u00famluvy ulo\u017eeny desky desatera a svitek T\u00f3ry, kter\u00e9 sv\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem p\u0159esahuj\u00ed na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee jsou \u201eBo\u017e\u00ed Moudrost\u00ed“. I proto byla na lahvi\u010dce oleje pe\u010de\u0165 velekn\u011bze, kter\u00fd svoji chr\u00e1movou slu\u017ebu slou\u017eil v osmid\u00edln\u00fdch \u0161atech. D\u00edky \u201eosmi\u010dce“, d\u00edky schopnosti p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat n\u00e1strahy sv\u011bta, byli \u0158ekov\u00e9, nositel\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 moudrosti, pora\u017eeni. Nev\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee jsou v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 sv\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem p\u0159esahuj\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka a jeho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed. Proto slav\u00edme chanuku osm dn\u00ed.“ Tak to alespo\u0148 p\u00ed\u0161e moudr\u00fd rabi L\u00f6w.)<\/em><\/p>\n

Hilel a \u0160amaj.<\/strong> Dva v\u00fdznamn\u00ed u\u010denci, Hilel a \u0160amaj se p\u0159eli, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zapalovat chanukov\u00e1 sv\u011btla. Je-li lep\u0161\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednat s osmi sv\u00ed\u010dkami a dal\u0161\u00ed dny ub\u00edrat po sv\u00ed\u010dce a\u017e k jedn\u00e9 pro posledn\u00ed den, nebo za\u010d\u00ednat s jednou a p\u0159id\u00e1vat a\u017e do osmi sv\u00ed\u010dek posledn\u00edho den.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed n\u00e1zor (\u0160amaj\u016fv, kolik dn\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b zb\u00fdv\u00e1, tolik sv\u00ed\u010dek) vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee po\u010d\u00e1tek sv\u00e1tku, prvn\u00ed den, je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy: To, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se nap\u0159\u00edklad ve \u0161kole uvedeme, n\u00e1s bude prov\u00e1zet po celou dobu studia. Druh\u00fd n\u00e1zor, Hilel\u016fv, p\u0159id\u00e1vat sv\u00ed\u010dky podle uplynul\u00fdch dn\u00ed, pova\u017euje za rozhoduj\u00ed hledisko pro hodnocen\u00ed akce jej\u00ed dokon\u010den\u00ed. (Konec dobr\u00fd, v\u0161e dobr\u00e9). T\u00edmto n\u00e1zorem se dnes \u0159\u00edd\u00edme, proto\u017ee v\u00edme, \u017ee v\u0161e, i studium, je dlouhodob\u00fd proces a \u017ee \u201er\u016fst“ mus\u00edme postupn\u011b, krok za krokem.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Od 25. kislevu do 2. tevetu slav\u00edme osmidenn\u00ed historicky sv\u00e1tek chanuka \/zasv\u011bcen\u00ed\/. Sv\u00e1tek chanuka, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako sv\u00e1tek sv\u011btel, je oslavou makabejsk\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad helenizovan\u00fdmi Sy\u0159any.
\nZ historie: Kdy\u017e se \u017did\u00e9 vr\u00e1tili do Izraele z babyl\u00f3nsk\u00e9ho vyhnanstv\u00ed, postavili si v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b druh\u00fd chr\u00e1m, ale z\u016fstali nad\u00e1le v podru\u010d\u00ed persk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Perskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9m stolet\u00ed p\u0159. o. 1. dobyla \u0159eck\u00e1 arm\u00e1da Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho. Po Alexandrov\u011b smrti si obrovskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i rozd\u011blili jeho t\u0159i gener\u00e1lov\u00e9. Po l\u00edt\u00fdch boj\u00edch, kter\u00e9 zachv\u00e1tily cel\u00fd Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod, p\u0159ipadl Izrael Seleukovc\u016fm – dynastii vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed v S\u00fdrii. S n\u00e1stupem kr\u00e1le …<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-996","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/996"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=996"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/996\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8660,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/996\/revisions\/8660"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=996"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=996"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=996"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}