{"id":39,"date":"2008-09-21T19:56:48","date_gmt":"2008-09-21T17:56:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/?p=39"},"modified":"2016-10-20T14:15:18","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T12:15:18","slug":"zidovsky-kalendar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/39\/zidovsky-kalendar\/","title":{"rendered":"\u017didovsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Od kdy.<\/strong> Ka\u017ed\u00e1 spole\u010dnost si vol\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tek sv\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e na podklad\u011b ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 zem\u011b za po\u010d\u00e1tek kalend\u00e1\u0159e stanovily cestu proroka Mohameda z Med\u00edny do Mekky. Sta\u0159\u00ed \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0159adili \u201enulu&#8220; roku zalo\u017een\u00ed sv\u00e9ho m\u011bsta. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 za po\u010d\u00e1tek nov\u00e9 \u00e9ry pova\u017euj\u00ed narozen\u00ed zakladatele sv\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed. My toto jejich po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pro jeho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enost na\u00fdv\u00e1me ob\u010dansk\u00fdm letopo\u010dtem (o.l). I Francouzi po sv\u00e9 velk\u00e9 revoluci roku 1789 zah\u00e1jili nov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, po por\u00e1\u017ece revoluce se v\u0161ak vr\u00e1tili zp\u011bt k ob\u010dansk\u00e9mu kalend\u00e1\u0159i. \u017didovsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159, odvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed se na stvo\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bta a vztah stvo\u0159en\u00ed k Stvo\u0159iteli, ch\u00e1pe za po\u010d\u00e1tek sv\u011bta okam\u017eik, kdy B\u016fh u\u010dinil z Adama prvn\u00edho \u010dlov\u011bka. To se podle tradice odehr\u00e1lo na ro\u0161 ha\u0161ana \/Nov\u00fd rok\/ p\u0159ed 5764 lety. Proto, kdy\u017e po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me \u201e\u017eidovsk\u00fdm&#8220; zp\u016fsobem, dod\u00e1v\u00e1me v\u017edy: mibriat haolam \/od stvo\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bta\/.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Nejen letopo\u010det se v \u017eidovsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i li\u0161\u00ed, jin\u00e1 je i povaha kalend\u00e1\u0159e. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jeho zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti se pokus\u00edme vysv\u011btlit.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Den.<\/strong> Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok v\u0161ech kalend\u00e1\u0159\u016f se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z dn\u016f, t\u00fddn\u016f a m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. V tom se ani \u017eidovsk\u00fd rok neli\u0161\u00ed. Jak si ale u\u010d\u00edme z p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o stvo\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bta, ve\u010der podle \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradice p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed r\u00e1no, proto\u017ee je v T\u00f3\u0159e ps\u00e1no: \u201e&#8230;a byl ve\u010der, bylo r\u00e1no, den prvn\u00ed.&#8220; Proto v na\u0161em kalend\u00e1\u0159i den za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 tmou, proto \u0161abat za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ji\u017e v p\u00e1tek se z\u00e1padem slunce. Stejn\u011b tak i ostatn\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 dny a sv\u00e1tky za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed ve\u010derem. A s n\u00e1stupem dal\u0161\u00ed noci, p\u0159i v\u00fdchodu hv\u011bzd, kon\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>T\u00fdden.<\/strong> Sobota, \u0161abat, byla posledn\u00edm ze sedmi dn\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bta. Na pam\u00e1tku t\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1me ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fdden v\u017edy po sobot\u011b, ned\u011bl\u00ed, kter\u00e9 hebrejsky \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me: jom ri\u0161on \/den prvn\u00ed\/.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Krom\u011b n\u00e1s to tak d\u011blaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad i Angli\u010dan\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>D\u00e9lka m\u011bs\u00edce.<\/strong> I m\u011bs\u00edce se v na\u0161em kalend\u00e1\u0159i li\u0161\u00ed. (V tomto odstavci, abychom se nezamotali do m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f s mal\u00fdm a velk\u00fdm Em, budu pro vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 t\u011bleso M\u011bs\u00edc u\u017e\u00edvat m\u00e9n\u011b obvykl\u00e9 slovo Luna.) Muslimov\u00e9 pod\u0159\u00eddili sv\u016fj kalend\u00e1\u0159 pln\u011b Lun\u011b a jej\u00edmu ob\u011bhu kolem planety Zem\u011b a ka\u017ed\u00fdm \u201eNovem&#8220; jim za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nov\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00ed \u00fasek &#8211; m\u011bs\u00edc. Lun\u00e1rn\u00ed f\u00e1ze se opakuj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fdch 29 a p\u016fl dne (a kousek). Vyn\u00e1sob\u00edme \u2014 li toto \u010d\u00edslo 12ti m\u011bs\u00edci v roce, vytvo\u0159\u00edme si rok, kter\u00fd bude m\u00edt pouze 355 dn\u00ed. To je d\u00e9lka muslimsk\u00e9ho roku. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 nechali Lunu Lunou a nechali se v\u00e9st Sluncem. Na\u0161e planeta Zem\u011b oblet\u00ed Slunce za 365 dn\u00ed. K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd rok tedy trv\u00e1 365 dn\u00ed. T\u00edm ov\u0161em nen\u00ed pln\u011b respektov\u00e1n pohyb Luny kolem planety Zem\u011b. Proto ani jeden z t\u011bchto kalend\u00e1\u0159\u016f nen\u00ed dokonal\u00fd. Muslim\u016fm putuj\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce ro\u010dn\u00edmi dobami, jednou slav\u00ed ramad\u00e1n v l\u00e9t\u011b, jednou v zim\u011b. K\u0159es\u0165an\u016fm naopak neust\u00e1le ut\u00edkaj\u00ed lun\u00e1rn\u00ed f\u00e1ze. Jednou je \u00fapln\u011bk des\u00e1t\u00e9ho, jindy patn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho dne m\u011bs\u00edce atd.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u017didovsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 je vystav\u011bn na kompromisu. Respektuje lun\u00e1rn\u00ed f\u00e1ze i oblet planety Zem\u011b kolem jej\u00ed hv\u011bzdy. N\u00e1\u0161 kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u017edy po Novu (kdy\u017e se objev\u00ed prvn\u00ed srpek \u201enov\u00e9&#8220; Luny), sv\u00e1tky ale z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00edch, tak\u017ee pesach je v\u017edy na ja\u0159e, sukot na podzim a chanuka v zim\u011b. Toho docilujeme vsunut\u00edm p\u0159estupn\u00e9ho, t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00e9ho, m\u011bs\u00edce jednou za t\u0159i roky. (P\u0159esn\u011bji sedmkr\u00e1t za devaten\u00e1ct let.) Tak vyrovn\u00e1me ztr\u00e1tu krat\u0161\u00edch \u201elun\u00e1rn\u00edch let&#8220; a zabr\u00e1n\u00edme dlouhodob\u00fdm odchylk\u00e1m mezi ob\u011bma syst\u00e9my. \u017didovsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 je tedy lun\u00e1rn\u011b-sol\u00e1rn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Pevn\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159.<\/strong> V dob\u011b, kdy st\u00e1val v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b chr\u00e1m, rozhodoval o vsunut\u00ed t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce v\u017edy nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rab\u00ednsk\u00fd soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr &#8211; sanhedrin. Ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9m stolet\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho letopo\u010dtu, kdy\u017e se stup\u0148oval \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd proti\u017eidovsk\u00fd \u00fatlak, ustanovil rab\u00edn jm\u00e9nem Hilel II. pevn\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00ed syst\u00e9m, do n\u011bho\u017e zakomponoval v\u0161echny v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 prvky a mnoh\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed, o nich\u017e se nezmi\u0148ujeme.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div style=\\\"text-align:justify;\\\">Od kdy. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 spole\u010dnost si vol\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tek sv\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e na podklad\u011b ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 zem\u011b za po\u010d\u00e1tek kalend\u00e1\u0159e stanovily cestu proroka Mohameda z Med\u00edny do Mekky. Sta\u0159\u00ed \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0159adili \u201enulu&#8220; roku zalo\u017een\u00ed sv\u00e9ho m\u011bsta. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 za po\u010d\u00e1tek nov\u00e9 \u00e9ry pova\u017euj\u00ed narozen\u00ed zakladatele sv\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed. My toto jejich po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pro jeho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enost na\u00fdv\u00e1me ob\u010dansk\u00fdm letopo\u010dtem (o.l). I Francouzi po sv\u00e9 velk\u00e9 revoluci roku 1789 zah\u00e1jili nov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, po por\u00e1\u017ece revoluce se v\u0161ak vr\u00e1tili zp\u011bt k ob\u010dansk\u00e9mu kalend\u00e1\u0159i. \u017didovsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159, odvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed se na stvo\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bta a vztah stvo\u0159en\u00ed k &#8230;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":893,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39\/revisions\/893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}