{"id":1040,"date":"2008-12-22T14:26:37","date_gmt":"2008-12-22T12:26:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/?p=1040"},"modified":"2016-10-20T14:14:35","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T12:14:35","slug":"postni-dny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/1040\/postni-dny\/","title":{"rendered":"Postn\u00ed dny"},"content":{"rendered":"

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu na\u0161eho p\u0159ehledu jsme se ji\u017e sezn\u00e1mili se t\u0159emi postn\u00edmi dny -jom kipurem, Este\u0159in\u00fdm p\u016fstem a p\u016fstem prvorozen\u00fdch p\u0159ed sv\u00e1tkem pesach.
\nV t\u00e9to kapitole uvedeme \u010dty\u0159i p\u016fsty, kter\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed se zni\u010den\u00edm obou jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edmi smutn\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi \u017eidovsk\u00e9 historie.
\nP\u016fst.<\/strong> Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e za\u010dneme hovo\u0159it o jednotlivostech souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s postn\u00edmi dny, m\u011bli bychom si \u0159\u00edci, jak\u00fd m\u00e1 vlastn\u011b p\u016fst smysl.
\nP\u016fst v dob\u00e1ch t\u011b\u017ekost\u00ed nebo v den v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed smutn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti n\u00e1m m\u00e1 otev\u0159\u00edt srdce a napomoci na\u0161emu odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed vypo\u0159\u00e1dat se s na\u0161imi proh\u0159e\u0161ky. Po dobu p\u016fstu jsme uchr\u00e1n\u011bni od pozemsk\u00fdch starost\u00ed o ob\u017eivu a m\u00e1me v\u00edce \u010dasu zkoumat sv\u00e1 nitra. Ch\u00e1peme-li toto pravidlo, je n\u00e1m jasn\u00e9, \u017ee nem\u00e1 valn\u00e9ho smyslu tr\u00e1pit sv\u00e9 t\u011blo p\u016fstem a p\u0159itom pl\u00fdtvat \u010dasem p\u0159i sledov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ihloupl\u00e9ho z\u00e1bavn\u00e9ho televizn\u00edho po\u0159adu.<\/p>\n

Historie.<\/strong> Chceme-li srovnat postn\u00ed dny podle jejich historick\u00e9 n\u00e1vaznosti, mus\u00edme se vr\u00e1tit do doby p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed zni\u010den\u00ed prvn\u00edho jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu.<\/p>\n

10. tevetu<\/strong> oblehl babyl\u00f3nsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Nabuchodnecar Jeruzal\u00e9m, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vstoupilo do posledn\u00ed f\u00e1ze st\u0159etnut\u00ed Judsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed s expanduj\u00edc\u00ed Novobabyl\u00f3nskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed.
\n17. tamuzu<\/strong> (podle jin\u00fdch pramen\u016f v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prvn\u00edho zni\u010den\u00ed chr\u00e1mu 9. tamuzt\u00ed) prorazila dvakr\u00e1t \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00ed vojska jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 hradby a za\u010dal nerovn\u00fd boj v ulic\u00edch m\u011bsta, proti babyl\u00f3nsk\u00e9 (586 p\u0159.o.l.) a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 (70 o.l) p\u0159esile.
\n9. avu<\/strong> byl dvakr\u00e1t zni\u010den jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd chr\u00e1m, v roce 586 p\u0159.o.l. Babylo\u0148any a v roce 70 o.L \u0158\u00edmany.
\n3. ti\u0161r\u00ed<\/strong> byl zavra\u017ed\u011bn Gedalja ben Achikam, posledn\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00fd spr\u00e1vce jmenovan\u00fd Babylo\u0148any po zni\u010den\u00ed prvn\u00edho chr\u00e1mu. Jeho smrt\u00ed kon\u010d\u00ed obdob\u00ed (by\u0165 i jen z\u00e1visl\u00e9) \u017eidovsk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy v Izraeli.<\/p>\n

10. tevet.<\/strong>
\nNejen oblehnut\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma a za\u010d\u00e1tek n\u00e1rodn\u00ed trag\u00e9die souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se zni\u010den\u00edm chr\u00e1mu a destrukc\u00ed suver\u00e9nn\u00edho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu si p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me 10. tevetu. V sou\u010dasnosti je 10. tevet vzpom\u00ednkov\u00fdm dnem na v\u0161echny ob\u011bti proti\u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed, u nich\u017e nezn\u00e1me datum jejich smrti.<\/p>\n

16. tamuz.<\/strong>
\nSedmn\u00e1ct\u00fd tamuz spojuje tradice s 5 ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi:
\n1. Tento den, 40 dn\u00ed po darov\u00e1n\u00ed Tory, rozbil Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161 desky z\u00e1kona v reakci na h\u0159\u00edch zlat\u00e9ho telete.
\n2. Sedmn\u00e1ct\u00fd tamuz byly p\u0159eru\u0161eny pravideln\u00e9 ob\u011bti v jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9m chr\u00e1mu, jejich\u017e tradice sahala a\u017e do doby v\u00fdchodu z Egypta. Ob\u011bti ukon\u010dil prost\u00fd fakt – v oblehnut\u00e9m Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b ji\u017e nebyla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 zp\u016fsobil\u00e1 ob\u011btn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata.
\n3. Tento den p\u0159i druh\u00e9m obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bsta (v dob\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e Vespasi\u00e1na) prolomily Tito vy legie jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 hradby. (Podle talmudu byly tento den prora\u017eeny hradby i p\u0159i prvn\u00edm zni\u010den\u00ed chr\u00e1mu.)
\n4. V dob\u011b vrchol\u00edc\u00edho proti\u017eidovsk\u00e9ho \u00fatlaku p\u0159ed rokem 70 o.l. sp\u00e1lil \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd spr\u00e1vce sv\u00e9voln\u011b svitek Tory na d\u016fkaz sv\u00e9ho opovr\u017een\u00ed v\u0161\u00edm, co je s \u017didy spojen\u00e9.
\n5. Tento den um\u00edstili nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 do chr\u00e1mu Diovu sochu.<\/p>\n

Ti\u0161e beav. <\/strong>
\n9. av<\/strong> je den nejhlub\u0161\u00edho smutku, kter\u00fdm vrchol\u00ed na\u0161e t\u0159\u00edt\u00fddenn\u00ed (17. tamuz – 9. av) truchlen\u00ed nad zni\u010den\u00fdm jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fdm chr\u00e1mem. Tradice dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho avu jako dne smutku se datuje ji\u017e od druh\u00e9ho roku po v\u00fdchodu z Egypta, kdy po pomluv\u00e1ch vybran\u00fdch pr\u016fzkumn\u00edk\u016f a rozhodnut\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u00e1bora vr\u00e1tit se zp\u011bt do egyptsk\u00e9ho otroctv\u00ed bylo rozhodnuto o smrti cel\u00e9 generace b\u011bhem \u010dty\u0159iceti let bloud\u011bn\u00ed pou\u0161t\u00ed. T\u00edm byl tento den ustaven za \u201eden pl\u00e1\u010de a n\u00e1\u0159k\u016f“. Tento den byly zni\u010deny oba jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 chr\u00e1my, tento den padla v roce 135 o.l. posledn\u00ed opora povstalc\u016f veden\u00fdch Bar Kochbou – m\u011bsto Betar. (P\u0159i \u0159\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed bylo v tomto m\u011bst\u011b vyvra\u017ed\u011bno ve\u0161ker\u00e9 obyvatelstvo, p\u0159es 100 000 osob.) V den v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed zni\u010den\u00ed chr\u00e1mu rozoral Tornosrufus chr\u00e1movou horu na pole. Dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho avu roku 1290 byli \u017did\u00e9 vypov\u011bzeni z prvn\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 zem\u011b – z Anglie – a na dev\u00e1t\u00fd av 1492 p\u0159ipadlo datum vypov\u011bzen\u00ed lidnat\u00e9ho, vlivn\u00e9ho a vysp\u011bl\u00e9ho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed populace ze \u0160pan\u011blska. Dev\u00e1t\u00fd av byla zah\u00e1jena Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka.<\/p>\n

Pro v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti je 9. av nejsmutn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dnem \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e. P\u016fst dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho avu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 svou p\u0159\u00edsnost\u00ed jomkipurov\u00e9mu p\u016fstu – post\u00edme se 24 hodin. Nezdrav\u00edme se, sed\u00edme v hlubok\u00e9m smutku na zemi, \u010dteme Jeremi\u00e1\u0161ovu knihu Ejcha \/Pl\u00e1\u010d Jeremi\u00e1\u0161\u016fv\/ a tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u017ealozp\u011bvy – Kinot. Tento den nestudujeme Toru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1442 p\u0159. o. l.\u00a0<\/td>\nv\u00fdnos 40ti let bloud\u011bn\u00ed pou\u0161t\u00ed\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
586 p\u0159. o. l.\u00a0<\/td>\nzni\u010den\u00ed prvn\u00edho chr\u00e1mu\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70 o. l.\u00a0<\/td>\nzni\u010den\u00ed druh\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135 o. l.\u00a0<\/td>\npor\u00e1\u017eka Bar-Kochbova povst\u00e1n\u00ed, vyvra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed m\u011bsta Bejtar\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1492 o. l\u00a0.<\/td>\nvypov\u011bzen\u00ed \u017did\u016f ze \u0160pan\u011blska\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


<\/p>\n

D\u016fvody zni\u010den\u00ed chr\u00e1m\u016f.<\/strong> Na\u0161e tradice p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 ob\u011b zni\u010den\u00ed jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f na\u0161im vlastn\u00edm h\u0159\u00edch\u016fm. Je v\u0161ak zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 si v\u0161imnout, \u017ee jestli prvn\u00ed chr\u00e1m padl pro neust\u00e1l\u00e9 poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pravidel judaismu – modloslu\u017ebu, smilstvo a vra\u017edy – tak k p\u00e1du druh\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu vedla \u201epouze“ vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 nen\u00e1vist a rozdrobenost \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda do mno\u017estv\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se nesn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00edch a nerespektuj\u00edc\u00edch seskupen\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme se tedy pou\u010dit pro na\u0161i sou\u010dasnost, \u017ee nerespektov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1zor\u016f jin\u00fdch, vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozkol, m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt n\u011bkdy stejn\u011b nedoz\u00edrn\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky jako vra\u017eda, smilstvo a modloslu\u017eba.<\/p>\n

Star\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/strong> Talmud uv\u00e1d\u00ed alegorick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh zni\u010den\u00ed druh\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu: V Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b \u017eil jeden bohat\u00fd mu\u017e, kter\u00fd se rozhodl uspo\u0159\u00e1dat velkou hostinu. Sluhovi p\u0159edal p\u00edsemn\u00e9 pozv\u00e1nky, mimo jin\u00e9 i pro sv\u00e9ho nejlep\u0161\u00edho p\u0159\u00edtele – Kamcu. Sluha se v\u0161ak spletl a psan\u00ed donesl Bar Kamcovi, kter\u00fd byl s hostitelem ve vlekl\u00fdch sporech. P\u0159esto Bar Kamca pozv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ijal a vypravil se na hostinu. Jakmile ho hostitel zpozoroval, zrudl vzteky a uk\u00e1zal mu p\u0159ed celou jeruzal\u00e9mskou smet\u00e1nkou, v\u010detn\u011b mnoha u\u010denc\u016f, dve\u0159e. Bar Kamca se zhrozil ostudy: \u201eNech m\u011b tu, zaplat\u00edm ti svou porci.“
\n\u201eNe.“ \u201eZaplat\u00edm polovinu cel\u00e9 hostiny.“ \u201eVen!“
\nSmrteln\u011b ura\u017een\u00fd Bar Kamca se vypravil do \u0158\u00edma a st\u011b\u017eoval si c\u00edsa\u0159i: \u201e\u017did\u00e9 pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed vzpouru.“
\n\u201eDoka\u017e to.“ \u201ePo\u0161li jim ob\u011btn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e a s\u00e1m se p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed\u0161, p\u0159ijmou-li dar sv\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e.“
\nTak se tak\u00e9 stalo. C\u00edsa\u0159 poslal kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 ob\u011btn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e, ale Bar Kamca mu cestou jemn\u011b po\u0161kodil
\npysk, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se podle \u017eidovsk\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f stalo zv\u00ed\u0159e nezp\u016fsobil\u00e9 k ob\u011bti. Kdy\u017e tuto vadu v
\nJeruzal\u00e9m\u011b zjistili, l\u00e1mali si u\u010denci hlavu. Nakonec se v\u011bt\u0161ina rab\u00edn\u016f p\u0159iklonila k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee je
\nl\u00e9pe ustoupit a c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd dar p\u0159ijmout. Jen rabi Zacharja nesouhlasil: \u201eOb\u011btovat zmrza\u010den\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata
\nT\u00f3ra zakazuje!“
\nU\u017e se ani nev\u00ed, koho to napadlo jako prvn\u00edho, ale u\u010denci zva\u017eovali i mo\u017enost zab\u00edt Bar Kamcu, a tak se vyhnout hrozb\u011b, \u017ee se o nep\u0159ijet\u00ed daru dozv\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159 v \u0158\u00edm\u011b. Op\u011bt to v\u0161ak byl rabi Zacharja, kter\u00fd nesouhlasil: \u201eOdsoudit \u010dlov\u011bka k smrti jen proto, \u017ee poranil zv\u00ed\u0159e, kde to jsme?!“ Zv\u00ed\u0159e nebylo p\u0159ijato a rozl\u00edcen\u00fd c\u00edsa\u0159 vydal rozkazy sv\u00fdm legi\u00edm. Ty dobyly m\u011bsto a zni\u010dily chr\u00e1m.
\nKde se stala chyba? Touto ot\u00e1zkou si l\u00e1mou hlavu mnoz\u00ed koment\u00e1to\u0159i, ale ve skute\u010dnosti m\u011bl ka\u017ed\u00fd sv\u016fj pod\u00edl viny, za v\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1la nen\u00e1vist jedn\u011bch k druh\u00fdm. Pro\u010d nen\u00e1vid\u011bl hostitel Bar Kamcu? Pro\u010d ho jeho p\u0159\u00edtel Kamca neuklidnil? Pro\u010d rab\u00edni nezas\u00e1hli, kdy\u017e byli sv\u011bdky zostouzen\u00ed Bar Kamci? Pro\u010d si Bar Kamca st\u011b\u017eoval a\u017e u c\u00edsa\u0159e a vyprovokoval nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed velmoc tehdej\u0161\u00edho sv\u011bta k vojensk\u00e9mu z\u00e1sahu? Pro\u010d lp\u011bl rabi Zacharja tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159 katastrof\u011b na \u201epodru\u017enostech“, kter\u00e9 byli jeho kolegov\u00e9 ochotni p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout? Jak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt hloup\u00fd sluha, aby si spletl nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho p\u0159\u00edtele a nep\u0159\u00edtele sv\u00e9ho p\u00e1na? Nikdo nebyl bez viny. Nebyl n\u00e1hodou Bar Kamca \/bar, aramejsky syn\/ synem Kamci? Nesv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed takov\u00e1 situace o \u00fapln\u00e9m rozkladu spole\u010dnosti? M\u011bsto Jeruzal\u00e9m bylo zni\u010deno zevnit\u0159.
\n(l v realit\u011b si zasadili posledn\u00ed r\u00e1nu obr\u00e1nci sami. Fanatick\u00e1 sekta, aby vybi\u010dovala vojensk\u00e9ho ducha obr\u00e1nc\u016f, nechala sp\u00e1lit ve\u0161ker\u00e9 z\u00e1soby potravin v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch s\u00fdpk\u00e1ch. N\u00e1sledn\u00fd hlad rozlo\u017eil jeruzal\u00e9mskou obrannou s\u00edlu a Titovy legie zni\u010dily m\u011bsto a chr\u00e1m.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu na\u0161eho p\u0159ehledu jsme se ji\u017e sezn\u00e1mili se t\u0159emi postn\u00edmi dny -jom kipurem, Este\u0159in\u00fdm p\u016fstem a p\u016fstem prvorozen\u00fdch p\u0159ed sv\u00e1tkem pesach.
\nV t\u00e9to kapitole uvedeme \u010dty\u0159i p\u016fsty, kter\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed se zni\u010den\u00edm obou jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edmi smutn\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi \u017eidovsk\u00e9 historie.
\nP\u016fst. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e za\u010dneme hovo\u0159it o jednotlivostech souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s postn\u00edmi dny, m\u011bli bychom si \u0159\u00edci, jak\u00fd m\u00e1 vlastn\u011b p\u016fst smysl.
\nP\u016fst v dob\u00e1ch t\u011b\u017ekost\u00ed nebo v den v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed smutn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti n\u00e1m m\u00e1 otev\u0159\u00edt srdce a napomoci na\u0161emu odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed vypo\u0159\u00e1dat se s na\u0161imi proh\u0159e\u0161ky. Po dobu p\u016fstu jsme uchr\u00e1n\u011bni od pozemsk\u00fdch starost\u00ed …<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1040"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1040"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1040\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1218,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1040\/revisions\/1218"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1040"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1040"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1040"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}