{"id":1025,"date":"2008-12-22T14:18:05","date_gmt":"2008-12-22T12:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/?p=1025"},"modified":"2016-10-20T14:14:35","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T12:14:35","slug":"pesach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/1025\/pesach\/","title":{"rendered":"Pesach"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jm\u00e9na sv\u00e1tku.<\/strong> \u010cty\u0159i jm\u00e9na sv\u00e1tku pesach odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed jeho r\u016fzn\u00e9 aspekty, kter\u00e9 spoluvytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed mozaiku prvn\u00edho ze t\u0159\u00ed biblick\u00fdch poutn\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f roku.<\/p>\n

chag hapesach – sv\u00e1tek p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed, souvis\u00ed s posledn\u00ed z deseti egyptsk\u00fdch ran
\nchag hamacot – sv\u00e1tek maces\u016f \/nekynut\u00e9ho chleba\/, symbolika v\u00fdchodu z Egypta
\nchag hacherut – sv\u00e1tek svobody, osvobozen\u00ed z egyptsk\u00e9ho otroctv\u00ed
\nchag haaviv – sv\u00e1tek jara, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd charakter sv\u00e1tku<\/p>\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek.<\/strong> Na rozd\u00edl od universalismu sv\u00e1tku sukot p\u0159edstavuje pesach v\u00fdrazn\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek. V\u00fdchod z Egypta a darov\u00e1n\u00ed Tory p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed dva rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed momenty, kter\u00e9 dodnes formuj\u00ed na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e\u017eidovstv\u00ed“ – jeho nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed (pesach, v\u00fdchod z Egypta) a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd rozm\u011br (\u0161avuot, darov\u00e1n\u00ed Tory).<\/p>\n

Macesy a ch\u00e1mec – definice.<\/strong> Maca \/nekynut\u00fd chl\u00e9b\/ se stala symbolem sv\u00e1tku pesach. Sedm (mimo Izrael osm) dn\u00ed j\u00edme pouze nekynut\u00e9 potraviny. Jak vlastn\u011b definujeme ch\u00e1mec \/kynut\u00e1 j\u00eddla\/? Kynut\u00ed je chemick\u00fd proces \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed potraviny a tvorby CO2. Enzymy, kter\u00e9 se na \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed l\u00e1tek pod\u00edlej\u00ed, jsou velice citliv\u00e9 na charakter prost\u0159ed\u00ed ve kter\u00e9m p\u016fsob\u00ed. Vy\u017eaduj\u00ed ur\u010ditou teplotu, \u010das a pH (kyselost). Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty vedou k destrukci struktury enzym\u016f a jejich trval\u00e9mu po\u0161kozen\u00ed. Pouze p\u011bt obilovin obsahuje ty enzymy, jejich\u017e \u010dinnost (a t\u00edm i kynut\u00ed) n\u00e1m T\u00f3ra na pesach zak\u00e1zala: p\u0161enice, je\u010dmen, \u017eito, oves a \u0161palda. Pouze z nich m\u016f\u017ee vykynout ch\u00e1mec. A naopak, jen z nich m\u016f\u017eeme p\u00e9ct macesy.<\/p>\n

K \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9mu kynut\u00ed je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed vodn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Ovocn\u00e9 \u0161\u0165\u00e1vy, ml\u00e9ko ani vejce nejsou prost\u0159ed\u00edm, ve kter\u00e9m by mohlo k zak\u00e1zan\u00e9mu kynut\u00ed doj\u00edt. Sfarad\u0161t\u00ed \u017did\u00e9 takto p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 mou\u010dn\u00e9 pokrmy na pesach jed\u00ed. A\u0161ken\u00e1zsk\u00e1 tradice je v\u0161ak v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch pesachov\u00fdch zvyklost\u00ed velice p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1. Nejen\u017ee n\u00e1m zakazuje v\u0161e mou\u010dn\u00e9 s v\u00fdjimkou ve vod\u011b zad\u011bl\u00e1van\u00fdch maces\u016f, ale zakazuje n\u00e1m i dal\u0161\u00ed potraviny – nap\u0159\u00edklad r\u00fd\u017ei nebo lu\u0161t\u011bniny.<\/p>\n

Trv\u00e1-li hn\u011bten\u00ed t\u011bsta m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 18 minut, nem\u016f\u017ee vykynout skute\u010dn\u00fd ch\u00e1mec. Proto, kdy\u017e pe\u010deme macesy, mus\u00ed v\u0161e – od sm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed s vodou po vsazen\u00ed do pece – prob\u011bhnout do tohoto \u010dasov\u00e9ho limitu. Vysok\u00e1 teplota v \u017e\u00e1ru pece naru\u0161\u00ed strukturu enzym\u016f a dal\u0161\u00ed kynut\u00ed ji\u017e nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Macesy a ch\u00e1mec – symbolika. <\/strong>Macesy, nekynut\u00fd chl\u00e9b, p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed v\u00fdchod z Egypta, kter\u00fd se udal v takov\u00e9m sp\u011bchu, \u017ee nebyl ani \u010das nechat t\u011bsto vykynout. Urychlen\u00fd odchod z Egypta odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed hlubokou v\u00edru vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch. V\u00edru ve \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd konec jejich putov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u0161t\u00ed, do kter\u00e9 vstoupili vedeni Bo\u017e\u00edm poslem, Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161em.<\/p>\n

Maces ov\u0161em tak\u00e9 symbolizuje prostotu a pokoru, opak p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159ky a \u201enafoukanosti“ kynut\u00e9ho t\u011bsta, kter\u00e9 symbolizuje n\u00e1\u0161 jecer h\u00e1r\u00e1 \/\u0161patn\u00fd sklon \u010dlov\u011bka\/.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e9 ze slov maca a chamec se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed p\u00edsmen. Mem a cade maj\u00ed ob\u011b slova spole\u010dn\u00e1. Li\u0161\u00ed se t\u00edm nejmen\u0161\u00edm mo\u017en\u00fdm rozd\u00edlem – kous\u00ed\u010dkem no\u017ei\u010dky, jej\u00edm\u017e dops\u00e1n\u00edm se m\u011bn\u00ed hej v chet. Tak mal\u00fd rozd\u00edl m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mezi pravdou a l\u017e\u00ed, opravdovost\u00ed a fal\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Chamec.<\/strong> Na pesach nejen\u017ee nesm\u00edme chamec j\u00edst, nesm\u00edme ho ani vlastnit! Proto se sna\u017e\u00edme star\u00e9 z\u00e1soby kynut\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed p\u0159ed pesachem doj\u00edst. Zbytek mus\u00edme prodat nebo zni\u010dit. 13. nisanu ve\u010der (tedy vlastn\u011b ji\u017e 14.) hled\u00e1me ve sv\u00fdch ji\u017e uklizen\u00fdch domech chamec \/tzv. bdikat chamec\/. Se sv\u00ed\u010dkou v ruce p\u00e1tr\u00e1me ve v\u0161ech sp\u00e1r\u00e1ch a z\u00e1kout\u00edch bytu tak, jako si m\u00e1me prop\u00e1trat z\u00e1kout\u00ed sv\u00fdch niter a zbavit je p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 nadutosti. Nalezen\u00fd chamec pe\u010dliv\u011b ulo\u017e\u00edme a r\u00e1no sp\u00e1l\u00edme.<\/p>\n

Dny pesachu.<\/strong> S v\u00fdchodem hv\u011bzd p\u0159edve\u010der sv\u00e1tku pesach hled\u00e1me ve sv\u00fdch domovech chamec, 14. nisanu p\u0159es den se prvorozen\u00ed post\u00ed tzv. p\u016fst prvorozen\u00fdch na pam\u00e1tku jejich z\u00e1chrany p\u0159i des\u00e1t\u00e9 egyptsk\u00e9 r\u00e1n\u011b. Patn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek. Prvn\u00ed dva dny (v Izraeli prvn\u00ed den) po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1me slavnost\u00ed sederov\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159e. Posledn\u00ed dva dny jsou spojeny s rozd\u011blen\u00edm R\u00e1kosov\u00e9ho mo\u0159e a jeho p\u0159echodem. \u010cty\u0159i dny mezi velk\u00fdmi sv\u00e1tky naz\u00fdv\u00e1me tak jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sukot – chol hamoed.<\/p>\n

pesachov\u00e9 dny (14. – 22. nisan):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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14.<\/address>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
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15.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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16.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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17.\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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18.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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19.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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20.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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21.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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22.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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bdikat chamec\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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jom tov<\/address>\n
seder<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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jom tov<\/address>\n
seder<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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chol hamoed<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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chol\u00a0\u00a0 hamoed<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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chol\u00a0<\/address>\n
hamoed<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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chol<\/address>\n
hamoed<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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jom tov<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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jom tov<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Seder.<\/strong> Prvn\u00ed dva dny (v Izraeli prvn\u00ed den) sv\u00e1tku pesach po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1me slavnostn\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159e. Tyto ve\u010de\u0159e ozna\u010dujeme jako „sederov\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159e“, proto\u017ee slovo seder znamen\u00e1 hebrejsky \u201e\u0159\u00e1d“ a tato ve\u010de\u0159e m\u00e1 sv\u016fj po stalet\u00ed ust\u00e1len\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh. Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 ve\u010dera je v tradi\u010dn\u00ed form\u011b zaps\u00e1n v knize, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me hagada \/vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed\/. Hlavn\u00edm smyslem sedem je vypr\u00e1v\u011bt d\u011btem (a nejen jim) o v\u00fdchodu z Egypta, p\u0159ipomenout si ud\u00e1losti d\u00e1vn\u00e9 historie a pou\u010dit se z nich pro sou\u010dasnost.<\/p>\n

Ve\u010der za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1, jako ka\u017ed\u00fd sv\u00e1tek a \u0161abat, zap\u00e1len\u00edm sv\u00ed\u010dek. N\u00e1sleduje (op\u011bt jako na ka\u017ed\u00fd sv\u00e1tek a \u0161abat) kidu\u0161 – po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho dne nad poh\u00e1rem v\u00edna. Na rozd\u00edl od ostatn\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f neza\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v t\u00e9to chv\u00edli nosit hospodyn\u011b j\u00eddlo na st\u016fl, ale za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1me \u010d\u00edst text hagady, nejmlad\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk u stolu se pt\u00e1 otce p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, postupn\u011b se p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi odkr\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o zotro\u010den\u00ed a osvobozen\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o egyptsk\u00fdch ran\u00e1ch, o ob\u011bti pesachov\u00e9ho ber\u00e1nka, o p\u0159esko\u010den\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00fdch dom\u016f v Egypt\u011b a z\u00e1chran\u011b na\u0161ich prvorozen\u00fdch, o pr\u016fchodu R\u00e1kosov\u00fdm mo\u0159em a darov\u00e1n\u00ed Tory. St\u00e1v\u00e1me se sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed diskuse u\u010den\u00fdch rab\u00edn\u016f starov\u011bku, \u010dteme o \u010dty\u0159ech synech -chytr\u00e9m, zl\u00e9m, pros\u0165\u00e1\u010dkovi a o tom, kter\u00fd se neum\u00ed pt\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

\u010ctrn\u00e1ct \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed m\u00e1 sederov\u00e1 ve\u010de\u0159e.<\/strong> K leh\u010d\u00edmu zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed si je m\u016f\u017eeme zazp\u00edvat zn\u00e1mou melodi\u00ed: Kade\u0161, urchac, karpas, jachac, magid, rochca, moci, maca, maror, korech, \u0161ulchan orech, cafun, barech, halel-nirca.<\/p>\n

\u010dtrn\u00e1ct \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sederov\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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kade\u0161\u00a0\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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posv\u011bcen\u00ed<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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po\u017eehn\u00e1m sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho dne nad poh\u00e1rem v\u00edna, prvn\u00ed poh\u00e1r<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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urchac\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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umyt\u00ed rukou<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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z p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 n\u00e1doby, bez po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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karpas\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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zelenina<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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ko\u0159enovou zeleninu (nap\u0159. celer) namo\u010d\u00edme ve slan\u00e9 vod\u011b a sn\u00edme\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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jachac\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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rozd\u011blen\u00ed<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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rozlom\u00edme prost\u0159edn\u00ed maces a jednu p\u016flku schov\u00e1me na z\u00e1v\u011br ve\u010de\u0159e<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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magid\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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\u010dten\u00ed vlastn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu hagady\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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rochca\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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myt\u00ed rukou<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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z p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 n\u00e1doby si umyjeme ruce s po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00edm<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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moci<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed j\u00eddlem<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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nad dv\u011bma cel\u00fdmi macesy \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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maca<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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maces<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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sn\u00edme prvn\u00ed maces<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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maror\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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ho\u0159k\u00e9 byliny<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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j\u00edme ho\u0159k\u00e9 byliny, p\u0159ipom\u00ednku t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho otroctv\u00ed\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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korech<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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sendvi\u010d<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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do macesu vlo\u017e\u00edme ho\u0159k\u00e9 byliny a sladk\u00fd charoset<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0161ulchan orech<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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hostina<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed j\u00eddlo, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1me va\u0159en\u00fdm vaj\u00ed\u010dkem, nem\u011bla by chyb\u011bt pol\u00e9vka s\u00a0 macesov\u00fdmi knedl\u00ed\u010dky<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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cafun<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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z\u00e1kusek<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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j\u00edme schovanou p\u016flku rozlomen\u00e9ho macesu \/viz jachac\/, tzv.afikoman<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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barech<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed po j\u00eddle<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed po j\u00eddle se vsuvkami pro sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed den<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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halel-nirca\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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z\u00e1v\u011br<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
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z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 modlitby a p\u00edsn\u011b<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee n\u00e1m po p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed v\u00fd\u010dtu \u010dtrn\u00e1cti \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sedem mohou hr\u016fzou ze\u0161ediv\u011bt vlasy (tolik!?), nemus\u00edme se p\u0159ehnan\u011b ob\u00e1vat. Tak jako neum\u00edme od\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vat rom\u00e1ny nazpam\u011b\u0165, ale dok\u00e1\u017eeme si je p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst, tak i na pesach si m\u016f\u017eeme otev\u0159\u00edt hagadu a cel\u00fd seder v n\u00ed nalezneme p\u0159ehledn\u011b zapsan\u00fd. (Tak\u00e9 existuje \u010desko-hebrejsk\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee s porozum\u011bn\u00edm hebrejsk\u00e9mu textu.)<\/p>\n

V dob\u00e9 chr\u00e1mu.<\/strong> V dob\u011b, kdy st\u00e1val jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd chr\u00e1m, bylo povinnost\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho mu\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e9st 14. nisanit pesachov\u00e9ho ber\u00e1nka na p\u0159ipom\u00ednku ber\u00e1nka, kter\u00e9ho ob\u011btovali \u017did\u00e9 v Egypt\u011b p\u0159ed des\u00e1tou, posledn\u00ed egyptskou r\u00e1nou. S ob\u011btn\u00edm ber\u00e1nkem se mu\u017ei vraceli dol\u016f do jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fdch ulic a s rodinami slavili v\u00fdchod z Egypta, pili \u010dty\u0159i poh\u00e1ry v\u00edna a jedli maso ber\u00e1nka, macesy a ho\u0159k\u00e9 byliny. Dnes, kdy nestoj\u00ed chr\u00e1m, si ber\u00e1nka pouze symbolicky p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me dr\u016fbe\u017e\u00ed kost\u00ed na sederov\u00e9m tal\u00ed\u0159i.<\/p>\n

Sederov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edkazy.<\/strong> V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b, kdy neob\u011btujeme pesachov\u00e9ho ber\u00e1nka, m\u00e1me prvn\u00ed sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ve\u010der pouze dva p\u0159\u00edkazy uveden\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo v T\u00f3\u0159e – mus\u00edme j\u00edst macesy a vypr\u00e1v\u011bt si o v\u00fdchodu z Egypta. Rab\u00edni n\u00e1m k t\u011bmto povinnostem p\u0159idali dal\u0161\u00ed dv\u011b – vyp\u00edt \u010dty\u0159i poh\u00e1ry v\u00edna a j\u00edst ho\u0159k\u00e9 byliny.<\/p>\n

Ber\u00e1nek.<\/strong> K spr\u00e1vn\u00e9mu pochopen\u00ed t\u00e9to ob\u011bti je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee zem\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 byli \u017did\u00e9 zotro\u010den\u00ed, byla nejen siln\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 mocnost, ale \u017ee egyptsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e dosahovala maxima tehdej\u0161\u00edho kulturn\u00edho a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho obzoru \u010dlov\u011bka. Za\u0159\u00edznut\u00ed ber\u00e1nka, egyptsk\u00e9 modly a znaku, ozn\u00e1milo konec otro\u010den\u00ed Egyptu (ve fyzick\u00e9m i duchovn\u00edm ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed) a skute\u010dn\u00fd zrod nov\u00e9ho, \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda, kter\u00fd se z\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 pohodl\u00ed nesvobody, z\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 se modloslu\u017eby a odch\u00e1z\u00ed do nejistot svobody, aby na\u0161el sv\u00e9ho Boha, p\u0159ijal Toru a usadil se ve vlastn\u00ed zemi – v Izraeli. Krev ze za\u0159\u00edzl\u00e9ho ber\u00e1nka byla pou\u017eita k ozna\u010den\u00ed ve\u0159ej\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00fdch dom\u016f v Egypt\u011b, \u010d\u00edm\u017e byly osoby v nich se nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed uchr\u00e1n\u011bny des\u00e1t\u00e9 r\u00e1ny – pobit\u00ed prvorozen\u00fdch. Pro\u010d? Jak\u00fd smysl m\u00e1 ozna\u010dit si dve\u0159e ber\u00e1n\u010d\u00ed krv\u00ed? Ve\u0159ejn\u011b ob\u011btovat jedno z posv\u00e1tn\u00fdch bo\u017estev bylo v Egypt\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako hrdeln\u00ed zlo\u010din. Spln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazu pesachov\u00e9 ob\u011bti tedy odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed odvahu a pevnost odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed u\u010dinit rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed krok k opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (my\u0161leno nejen geograficky). Bylo to jasn\u011b vy\u0159\u010den\u00e9: \u201eMy nejsme Egyp\u0165an\u00e9.“ Proto B\u016fh p\u0159i des\u00e1t\u00e9 r\u00e1n\u011b u\u0161et\u0159il ozna\u010den\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 domy.<\/p>\n

T\u0159i macesy.<\/strong> B\u011bhem sederu sn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd stolovn\u00edk t\u0159i macesy na p\u0159ipom\u00ednku t\u0159\u00ed praotc\u016f – Abrah\u00e1ma, Iz\u00e1ka a J\u00e1koba. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z maces\u016f tak\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuje jednu ze t\u0159\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda: Koheny, Levity a Izraelity. Prost\u0159edn\u00ed, rozlomen\u00fd maces p\u0159edstavuje chud\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd se \u010dasto sm\u00ed\u0159\u00ed i s polovi\u010dn\u00ed porc\u00ed j\u00eddla. Maces je toti\u017e mimo jin\u00e9 naz\u00fdv\u00e1n chud\u00fd chl\u00e9b (chl\u00e9b chud\u00fdch). Je je\u0161t\u011b jeden d\u016fvod p\u016flen\u00ed macesu. D\u011bti, kter\u00fdm je pesachov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ur\u010den, se pokou\u0161ej\u00ed odlo\u017eenou p\u016flku macesu otci \u201eukr\u00e1st“ a po hostin\u011b p\u0159im\u011bt rodi\u010de k vyps\u00e1n\u00ed odm\u011bny n\u00e1lezci \u201eztracen\u00e9ho macesu“. Tento zvyk udr\u017euje d\u011bti i v pozdn\u00edch ve\u010dern\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch \u010dil\u00e9, napnut\u00e9 a soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u010cty\u0159i poh\u00e1ry v\u00edna.<\/strong> Rab\u00edni n\u00e1m na\u0159\u00eddili vyp\u00edt p\u0159i sederov\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159i \u010dty\u0159i poh\u00e1ry v\u00edna. Je mnoho d\u016fvod\u016f tohoto p\u0159\u00edkazu. Z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch uv\u00e1d\u00edm:<\/p>\n

\u2022 T\u00f3ra uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i v\u00fdrazy (\u010dty\u0159i stupn\u011b) osvobozen\u00ed z otroctv\u00ed: Vyvedl jsem v\u00e1s, zachr\u00e1nil ze slu\u017eby, vykoupil a vzal si v\u00e1s za n\u00e1rod.
\n\u2022 \u010cty\u0159i poh\u00e1ry v\u00edna se objevily ve fara\u00f3nov\u011b snu, kter\u00fd Josef vylo\u017eil.
\n\u2022 \u017did\u00e9 maj\u00ed podle tradice proj\u00edt \u010dty\u0159mi exily (a \u010dty\u0159mi vykoupen\u00edmi) – babyl\u00f3nsk\u00fdm, persk\u00fdm, \u0159eck\u00fdm a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm.
\n\u2022 \u010cty\u0159i poh\u00e1ry odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed z\u00e1sluhy \u010dty\u0159 pramatek – S\u00e1ry, Rebeky, R\u00e1chel a Ley.
\n\u2022 \u010cty\u0159 v\u011bc\u00ed se \u017did\u00e9 v Egypt\u011b dr\u017eeli a zaslou\u017eili si tak z\u00e1chranu z otroctv\u00ed – vyvarovali se smilstva, pomluv, uchovali si sv\u016fj jazyk a sv\u00e1 hebrejsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na.<\/p>\n

Svoboda.<\/strong> Na znamen\u00ed svobody se p\u0159i sederov\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159i nakl\u00e1n\u00edme na levou stranu, op\u00edr\u00e1me se o op\u011bradla a o pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159e. Takov\u00fd byl toti\u017e d\u00e1vn\u00fd zvyk – svobodn\u00ed lid\u00e9 j\u00edd\u00e1vali na leh\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, op\u00edrali se o lev\u00fd loket a jedli pouze pravou rukou. Takto j\u00edme macesy a pijeme v\u00edno. Jen ho\u0159k\u00e9 byliny j\u00edme vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u011b, v\u017edy\u0165 tak\u00e9 nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed svobodu, ale naopak ho\u0159kost t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho otroctv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sederov\u00e1 m\u00edsa.<\/strong> P\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem vlastn\u00edho sederu mus\u00edme srovnat symbolick\u00e9 pokrmy na speci\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00edse. Jak? Existuje n\u011bkolik zvyk\u016f, my v\u00e1m p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00edme zvyk, kter\u00fd uv\u00e1d\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00fd rabi L\u00f3w:<\/p>\n

\u2022 zroa – pe\u010den\u00e9 dr\u016fbe\u017e\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddlo (kost s masem), kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuje pesachov\u00e9ho ber\u00e1nka
\n\u2022 va\u0159en\u00e9 vejce – (tradi\u010dn\u00ed smute\u010dn\u00ed j\u00eddlo) n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 zni\u010den\u00fd chr\u00e1m, ale tak\u00e9 symbolizuje \u017eidovsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod svou zaj\u00edmavou vlastnost\u00ed: \u010d\u00edm d\u00e9le se va\u0159\u00ed, t\u00edm se st\u00e1v\u00e1 tvrd\u0161\u00edm, tak jako nesn\u00e1ze doby posiluj\u00ed na\u0161e \u017eidovsk\u00e9 uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed. Podle jin\u00fdch p\u0159edstavuje vejce slavnostn\u00ed ob\u011b\u0165, kter\u00e1 byla p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bna spole\u010dn\u011b s ber\u00e1nkem.
\n\u2022 maror – ho\u0159k\u00e9 byliny, symbol t\u011b\u017ekost\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9ho otroctv\u00ed a fara\u00f3nov\u00fdch na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zab\u00edjet \u017eidovsk\u00e9 novorozence jejich vhozen\u00edm do vod Nilu. Nej\u010dast\u011bji u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me strouhan\u00fd k\u0159en nebo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd sal\u00e1t.
\n\u2022 charoset – sladk\u00e1 hmota z jablek, o\u0159\u00ed\u0161k\u016f, datl\u00ed, sko\u0159ice a \u010derven\u00e9ho v\u00edna na znamen\u00ed malty, se kterou byli \u017eidov\u0161t\u00ed otroci nuceni pracovat, a krve, kter\u00e1 byla v Egypt\u011b prolita.
\n\u2022 karpas – zelenina, v\u011bt\u0161inou petr\u017eel nebo brambora. I ta p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 zotro\u010den\u00ed a pr\u00e1ci s hl\u00ednou
\n\u2022 miska slan\u00e9 vody – p\u0159edstavuje slzy, ale tak\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00e9 R\u00e1kosov\u00e9 mo\u0159e.<\/p>\n

P\u00edsn\u011b. <\/strong>K sederov\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159i neodmysliteln\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed i p\u00edsn\u011b na tradi\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1p\u011bvy. S dv\u011bmi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi – M\u00e1 ni\u0161tana \/\u010c\u00edm se li\u0161\u00ed (tato noc) – p\u00edse\u0148 \u010dty\u0159 ot\u00e1zek nejmlad\u0161\u00edho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka sederov\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159e\/ a Echad mi jodea \/Kdo v\u00ed, kdo je jeden? – z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 p\u00edse\u0148 sederu\/ se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme a nau\u010d\u00edme se je i zp\u00edvat.<\/p>\n

Echad mi jodea:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\u00a0Kdo je jeden?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0B\u016fh je jeden.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho jsou dv\u011b?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0Dv\u011b jsou desky desatera.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0Kdo byli t\u0159i?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0T\u0159i byli praotcov\u00e9 -Abrah\u00e1m, Iz\u00e1k a J\u00e1kob.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0Kdo byly \u010dty\u0159i?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010cty\u0159i byly pramatky – <\/em>S\u00e1ra, Rebeka, R\u00e1chal a Lea.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho je p\u011bt?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0P\u011bt je \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Tory, p\u011bt je knih Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161ov\u00fdch.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho je \u0161est?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0\u0160est je \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Mi\u0161ny, odd\u00edl\u016f Talmudu.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho je sedm?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0Sedm je dn\u00ed t\u00fddne.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho je osm?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0Osm je dn\u00ed do ob\u0159\u00edzky. \u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho je dev\u011bt?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0Dev\u011bt je m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f do porodu.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho je deset?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0Deset je p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f desatera.<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho je jeden\u00e1ct?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0Jeden\u00e1ct je kosmick\u00fdch t\u011bles – Slunce, M\u011bs\u00edc a dev\u011bt planet – Merkur, Venu\u0161e, Zem\u011b,\u00a0 Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uran, Neptun a Pluto \u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0Koho je dvan\u00e1ct?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0Dvan\u00e1ct je kmen\u016f Izraele. Dvan\u00e1ct je syn\u016f J\u00e1koba. \u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u00a0\u010ceho je t\u0159in\u00e1ct?<\/address>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u00a0T\u0159in\u00e1ct je Bo\u017e\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed milosti. \u00a0<\/address>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u010cty\u0159i synov\u00e9.<\/strong> V hagad\u011b se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme se \u010dty\u0159mi syny: chytr\u00fdm, zl\u00fdm, prost\u00fdm a t\u00edm, kter\u00fd se je\u0161t\u011b neum\u00edm pt\u00e1t. Pro\u010d? Tat\u00ednkov\u00e9 a maminky si maj\u00ed uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd vy\u017eaduje ve v\u00fdchov\u011b osobit\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, \u017ee je t\u0159eba zohlednit dispozice d\u00edt\u011bte. Jinak se mus\u00edm v\u011bnovat nadan\u00e9mu, jinak zarputil\u00e9mu, jinak pomalej\u0161\u00edmu d\u00edt\u011bti.<\/p>\n

Existuje je\u0161t\u011b jin\u00fd koment\u00e1\u0159, kter\u00fd ch\u00e1pe \u010dty\u0159i syny jako \u010dty\u0159i generace, kter\u00e9 se sejdou u sederov\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159e. Chytr\u00fd syn p\u0159edstavuje nejstar\u0161\u00ed generaci, kter\u00e1 Toru nejen zn\u00e1, ale i sej\u00ed dr\u017e\u00ed. Chytr\u00e9mu synu se narodil zl\u00fd syn, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavuje generaci, kter\u00e1 od Tory v\u011bdom\u011b odstoupila.<\/p>\n

D\u011bti t\u00e9to generace (pros\u0165\u00e1\u010dci) doma \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1ni nez\u00edskaly, rodi\u010de je k ni\u010demu nevedli. D\u011bti d\u011bt\u00ed se u\u017e ani neum\u011bj\u00ed pt\u00e1t, v\u017edy\u0165 jejich rodi\u010de nic neznaj\u00ed a prarodi\u010de od Tory v\u011bdom\u011b odstoupili.
\nVe Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech se objevila je\u0161t\u011b dopln\u011bn\u00e1 varianta tohoto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu – v n\u011bm vystupuje p\u00e1t\u00fd syn. To je ten, kter\u00fd na seder ani nep\u0159ijde. (Jak\u00fd \u201esyn“ jsi ty?)<\/p>\n

\u0160abat chol hamoed.<\/strong> Na \u0161abat, kter\u00fd p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na sv\u00e1tek pesach, \u010dteme krom\u011b odd\u00edlu Tory i knihu P\u00edse\u0148 p\u00edsn\u00ed, hebrejsky sir ha\u0161irim. Podle \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradice je tato p\u00edse\u0148 alegorick\u00fdm vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm vztahu Izraele k Bohu, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou v knize zastoupeni milencem a milenkou. Velkou z\u00e1sluhy o uchov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to knihy m\u00e1 rabi Akiva, kter\u00fd jako prvn\u00ed rozkryl jej\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed a poznal, \u017ee p\u011bt vrchol\u016f uveden\u00e9ho mileneck\u00e9ho vztahu (Svazek myrty je m\u016fj mil\u00fd, le\u017e\u00ed mezi m\u00fdmi \u0148adry. Levici m\u00e1 pod mou hlavou a pravic\u00ed m\u011b obj\u00edm\u00e1. Na\u0161la jsem sv\u00e9ho milovan\u00e9ho, chytnu ho a u\u017e ho nepust\u00edm. P\u0159i\u0161la jsem do sadu, sestro m\u00e1, nev\u011bsto. Levici m\u00e1 pod mou hlavou a pravic\u00ed m\u011b obj\u00edm\u00e1.) odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u011bti vrchol\u016fm vztahu Izraele k Bohu (postaven\u00ed mi\u0161kanu \/svatost\u00e1nku\/, stavba prvn\u00edho chr\u00e1mu, druh\u00fd chr\u00e1m, cha\u0161monejsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a prorokovan\u00fd t\u0159et\u00ed chr\u00e1m).<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b na pesach \u010dteme sir ha\u0161irim? Proto\u017ee jarn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek pesach je oslavou svobody \u010dlov\u011bka. Svobodn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk si r\u00e1d zp\u00edv\u00e1 a jaro je \u010das rozletu.\u0160ir ha\u0161irim n\u00e1m m\u00e1 uk\u00e1zat zp\u016fsob, jak nalo\u017eit se z\u00edskanou svobodou.
\nSedm\u00fd den. 21. nisan – posledn\u00ed den sv\u00e1tku pesach (mimo Izrael posledn\u00ed dva dny) – si p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me z\u00e1zrak p\u0159echodu p\u0159es R\u00e1kosov\u00e9 mo\u0159e. 21. nisan je mimochodem dnem, kdy ulo\u017eila zoufal\u00e1 Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova matka sv\u00e9ho syna do ko\u0161\u00edku a pustila ho po \u0159ece Nil vst\u0159\u00edc osudu. O osmdes\u00e1t let pozd\u011bji se p\u0159ed prchaj\u00edc\u00edmi otroky rozev\u0159elo mo\u0159e a zachr\u00e1nilo je p\u0159ed pron\u00e1sledovateli v\u010dele s Fara\u00f3nem. Tento den bylo potvrzeno osvobozen\u00ed \u017did\u016f z egyptsk\u00e9ho otroctv\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jm\u00e9na sv\u00e1tku. \u010cty\u0159i jm\u00e9na sv\u00e1tku pesach odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed jeho r\u016fzn\u00e9 aspekty, kter\u00e9 spoluvytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed mozaiku prvn\u00edho ze t\u0159\u00ed biblick\u00fdch poutn\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f roku.
\nchag hapesach – sv\u00e1tek p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed, souvis\u00ed s posledn\u00ed z deseti egyptsk\u00fdch ran
\nchag hamacot – sv\u00e1tek maces\u016f \/nekynut\u00e9ho chleba\/, symbolika v\u00fdchodu z Egypta
\nchag hacherut – sv\u00e1tek svobody, osvobozen\u00ed z egyptsk\u00e9ho otroctv\u00ed
\nchag haaviv – sv\u00e1tek jara, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd charakter sv\u00e1tku
\nN\u00e1rodn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek. Na rozd\u00edl od universalismu sv\u00e1tku sukot p\u0159edstavuje pesach v\u00fdrazn\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek. V\u00fdchod z Egypta a darov\u00e1n\u00ed Tory p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed dva rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed momenty, kter\u00e9 dodnes formuj\u00ed na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e\u017eidovstv\u00ed“ – jeho nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed (pesach, v\u00fdchod z …<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1025"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1027,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025\/revisions\/1027"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1025"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}