{"id":1015,"date":"2008-12-22T14:11:11","date_gmt":"2008-12-22T12:11:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/?p=1015"},"modified":"2016-10-20T14:14:35","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T12:14:35","slug":"purim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/1015\/purim\/","title":{"rendered":"Purim"},"content":{"rendered":"

Historicky sv\u00e1tek purim slav\u00edme 14. adaru (v p\u0159estupn\u00e9m roce v adar \u0161eni) jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednku z\u00e1chrany \u017did\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v Persk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i v dob\u011b kr\u00e1tce po zni\u010den\u00ed prvn\u00edho jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu Babylo\u0148any.<\/p>\n

Historie.<\/strong> Babylo\u0148an\u00e9 se dlouho neradovali z v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed a ko\u0159isti, kter\u00e1 jim p\u0159ipadla po roce 586 p\u0159.o.l, kdy zni\u010dili prvn\u00edm jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd chr\u00e1m a rozvr\u00e1tili \u017eidovsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Davidovy dynastie. Pades\u00e1t let po dobyt\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma jejich vlastn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e padla do rukou Per\u0161an\u016fm. Do t\u00e9to doby, do prost\u0159ed\u00ed exulant\u016f z Jeruzal\u00e9ma, je situov\u00e1n zn\u00e1m\u00fd purimov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, kter\u00fd v detailech uv\u00e1d\u00ed Tanach \/hebrejsk\u00e1 bible, inici\u00e1ly souboru knih: Tora-Neviim-Chtuvim, Tora-Proroci-Spisy\/ v knize Ester.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e1 historick\u00e1 data:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
1080 p\u0159. o. l.\u00a0\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
rozpad Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e v Egypt\u011b \u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
1008 p\u0159. o. l.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
David se st\u00e1v\u00e1 Izraelsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lem \u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
776 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
prvn\u00ed olympi\u00e1da \u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
753 p\u0159. o. l. \u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
tradi\u010dn\u00ed datum zalo\u017een\u00ed \u0158\u00edma \u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
722 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
z\u00e1nik severn\u00edho Izraele (10 kmen\u016f) \u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
586 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
dobyt\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma Babylo\u0148any a zni\u010den\u00ed prvn\u00edho chr\u00e1mu\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
550-529 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Persii vl\u00e1dne Kyros II<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
550-449 p\u0159. o. l.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0159ecko-persk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/strong>P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh megilat Ester.<\/strong> Svitek (megil\u00e1) knihy Ester za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 sv\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed na hostin\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 na oslavu desetilet\u00e9ho panov\u00e1n\u00ed persk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Acha\u0161vero\u0161e. Kr\u00e1l Acha\u0161vero\u0161 vl\u00e1dl nad 127 zem\u011bmi zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 ministry, vojev\u016fdce, velvyslance a guvern\u00e9ry pozval do hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta \u0160u\u0161an \/dne\u0161n\u00ed Susa\/ na mnohadenn\u00ed oslavy. Zna\u010dn\u011b posiln\u011bn v\u00ednem p\u0159ik\u00e1zal p\u0159iv\u00e9st svou \u017eenu Va\u0161ti v Evin\u011b rou\u0161e, aby se ka\u017ed\u00fd mohl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit, \u017ee kr\u00e1lovna je skute\u010dn\u00e1 krasavice. Va\u0161ti pochopiteln\u011b odm\u00edtla a na rozkaz kr\u00e1le byla vyhn\u00e1na z pal\u00e1ce. Host\u00e9 odjeli, pal\u00e1c se vylidnil a kr\u00e1l Acha\u0161vero\u0161 si uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee bez kr\u00e1lovny se mu t\u011b\u017eko \u017eije. Rozeslal posly po cel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, aby vyp\u00e1trali tu nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u00edvku v zemi a p\u0159ivedli mu ji za man\u017eelku. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b v \u017eil v \u0160u\u0161anu \u017eidovsk\u00fd exulant jm\u00e9nem Mordechaj s kr\u00e1snou nete\u0159\u00ed Ester. Po ur\u010dit\u00fdch peripeti\u00edch se Ester stala perskou kr\u00e1lovnou. Na str\u00fd\u010dkovu radu v\u0161ak zatajila kr\u00e1li, k jak\u00e9mu n\u00e1rodu pat\u0159\u00ed. V pal\u00e1ci se \u010das od \u010dasu objev\u00ed zr\u00e1dci, kte\u0159\u00ed usiluj\u00ed o kr\u00e1l\u016fv \u017eivot. I v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu se dva takov\u00ed objevili – Bigtan a Tere\u0161. Mordechaj v\u0161ak jejich spiknut\u00ed odhalil a ozn\u00e1mil kr\u00e1li. T\u00edm se dob\u0159e zapsal jako v\u011brn\u00fd kr\u00e1l\u016fv slu\u017eebn\u00edk. Po \u010dase se Acha\u0161vero\u0161ov\u00fdm prvn\u00edm ministrem stal Ham\u00e1n. Ham\u00e1n tou\u017eil po moci, po majetku, ale hlavn\u011b: Ham\u00e1n nen\u00e1vid\u011bl \u017didy. Pova\u017eoval je za p\u00e1tou kolonu, vnit\u0159n\u00edho nep\u0159\u00edtele, nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1rod, kter\u00fd se nechce asimilovat a v\u016fbec p\u0159edstavuje to nejhor\u0161\u00ed. Nen\u00e1vid\u011bl
\nMordechaje, kter\u00fd se mu odm\u00edtal klan\u011bt jako lidsk\u00e9mu bohu a – za\u010dal sp\u0159\u00e1dat pl\u00e1ny. Po \u010dase pro n\u011b z\u00edskal i kr\u00e1l\u016fv souhlas. Se sv\u00fdmi stoupenci vylosoval vhodn\u00fd den -13. adar. Ten den se cht\u011bl pod z\u00e1\u0161titou kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdnosu jednou prov\u017edy zbavit nen\u00e1vid\u011bn\u00fdch \u017did\u016f. \/pur=los, proto purim\/<\/p>\n

O jeho pl\u00e1nech se v\u0161ak dozv\u011bd\u011bl Mordechaj, a jeho moudrosti a kr\u00e1lovn\u011b Ester, kter\u00e1 se v prav\u00fd \u010das sv\u00e9ho lidu u kr\u00e1le zastala, vd\u011b\u010d\u00edme za svou z\u00e1chranu. Kr\u00e1lovna Ester toti\u017e ve chv\u00edl\u00edch nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edch uspo\u0159\u00e1dala ve sv\u00fdch komnat\u00e1ch hostinu, a kdy\u017e kr\u00e1le dostate\u010dn\u011b posilnila v\u00ednem, prozradila mu tajemstv\u00ed sv\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu a prosila jm\u00e9nem sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda o pomoc. Kr\u00e1l vysly\u0161el jej\u00ed prosby a proradn\u00e9ho Haman\u00e1 a jeho nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed dal pov\u011bsit na
\n\u0161ibenici. 13. adar se sice zbytky Hamanov\u00fdch jednotek je\u0161t\u011b pokusily o organizovan\u00fd pogrom na \u017didy, ten v\u0161ak byl odra\u017een a jeho akt\u00e9\u0159i pochyt\u00e1ni a po pr\u00e1vu odsouzeni. Pot\u00e9 \u017did\u00e9 v cel\u00e9 Persii oddechli a oslavili sv\u00e9 zachr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed.
\nPouze v hlavn\u00ed m\u011bst\u011b \u0160u\u0161anu, kde bylo Hamanov\u00fdch stoupenc\u016f nejv\u00edce, prob\u00edhaly poty\u010dky je\u0161t\u011b i 14. adaru. Na p\u0159ipom\u00ednku purimovych ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a z\u00e1chrany ze smrteln\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed dodnes i my slav\u00edme sv\u00e1tek purim.<\/p>\n

Este\u0159in p\u016fst.<\/strong> Dlouho si ji\u017e nezavolal kr\u00e1l Acha\u0161vero\u0161 svou man\u017eelku Ester a vstoupit bez vyzv\u00e1n\u00ed do m\u00edstnost\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 rady byl v tehdej\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1no za smrteln\u00fd h\u0159\u00edch. Kr\u00e1lovna Ester se t\u0159i dny postila a prosila Boha o pomoc. Nakonec se odv\u00e1\u017eila a riskuj\u00edc vlastn\u00ed \u017eivot, vstoupilo do s\u00edn\u011b kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 rady. Kr\u00e1l se na ni nerozhn\u011bval, naopak, sl\u00edbil, \u017ee j\u00ed spln\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed. Tehdy prozradila Ester kr\u00e1li, \u017ee je \u017didovka a prosila o z\u00e1chranu sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda. Na pam\u00e1tku Este\u0159ina p\u016fstu se i my, v p\u0159edve\u010der sv\u00e1tku purim, 13. adaru, od v\u00fdchodu do z\u00e1padu slunce, post\u00edme.
\n14. a 15. adar. 14. adaru, v den oslav v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad Hamanov\u00fdmi stoupenci, slav\u00edme sv\u00e1tek purim. Pouze v \u0160u\u0161anu, kde poty\u010dky trvaly o den d\u00e9le a v m\u011bstech, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla v dob\u011b Jeho\u0161uova vstupu do Izraele hradby, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b, slav\u00edme purim a\u017e o den pozd\u011bji, 15. adaru, kter\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me \u0161u\u0161an purim.<\/p>\n

\u010cty\u0159i povinnosti.<\/strong> Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rab\u00ednsk\u00fd soud, sanhedrin, n\u00e1m na 14. a dar stanovil \u010dty\u0159i povinnosti:<\/p>\n

1. \u010d\u00edst megilu – p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst si dvakr\u00e1t svitek knihy Ester (ve\u010der a r\u00e1no) a p\u0159ipomenout si tak ud\u00e1losti ve starov\u011bk\u00e9 Persii.
\n2. hostina – 14. adaru m\u00e1me b\u011bhem dne uspo\u0159\u00e1dat po\u0159\u00e1dnou hostinu, na n\u00ed\u017e nesm\u00ed chyb\u011bt v\u00edno, s kter\u00fdm je purimovy p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh pevn\u011b spojen (opil\u00fd Acha\u0161vero\u0161 vyhnal kr\u00e1lovnu Va\u0161ti, v\u00ednem posiln\u011bn\u00fd kr\u00e1l vysly\u0161el Este\u0159iny prosby).
\n3. mi\u0161loach manot \/pos\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed porc\u00ed j\u00eddla\/ – alespo\u0148 dv\u011b porce j\u00eddla \u010di pit\u00ed jednomu \u010dlov\u011bku, a\u0165 m\u00e1me v\u0161ichni na purim dostatek j\u00eddla a pit\u00ed.
\n4. matanot leevjonim \/dary chud\u00fdm\/ – dva dary alespo\u0148 dv\u011bma chud\u00fdm, aby i oni m\u011bli na purim, tak jako my, radost.<\/p>\n

Zvyky.<\/strong> Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm purimov\u00fdm zvykem je v\u017edy dlouho o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd karneval, kter\u00fd \u010dasto za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ji\u017e v synagoze p\u0159i ve\u010dern\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed megily. D\u011bti, ale i dosp\u011bl\u00ed, se obl\u00e9kaj\u00ed do kost\u00fdm\u016f a nasazuj\u00ed si \u010dasto bizardn\u00ed masky. Nikdo p\u0159i zm\u00ednce Hamanova jm\u00e9na nezapomene zadupat nohama nebo zabouchat rukou do stolu, aby \u201evymazal h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00edkovo jm\u00e9no“, d\u011bti to\u010d\u00ed \u0159ehta\u010dkami. Na po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9m purimov\u00e9m karnevalu by nem\u011bl chyb\u011bt purim\u0161pil, \u201edivadeln\u00ed“ hra, n\u011bkdy pojat\u00e1
\njako tradi\u010dn\u00ed purimov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, jindy jako vesel\u00e1 parodie sou\u010dasn\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f.
\nV n\u011bkter\u00fdch obc\u00edch b\u00fdv\u00e1 ustaven ,purim-rebe“ – d\u011btsk\u00fd rab\u00edn a v\u016fbec v\u0161ude vl\u00e1dne uvoln\u011bn\u00e1, radostn\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra. Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed purimov\u00e9 zvyky pat\u0159\u00ed pe\u010den\u00ed a poj\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed oznej Ham\u00e1n \/doslova Hamanov\u00fdch u\u0161\u00ed, jidi\u0161 Hamanta\u0161en – trojhrann\u00fdch kol\u00e1\u010dk\u016f s povidlovou, makovou nebo datlovou n\u00e1pln\u00ed\/. D\u011bti dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed d\u00e1rky -purimgeld.<\/p>\n

Alkohol.<\/strong> Kdo by neznal p\u0159\u00edkaz op\u00edt se na purim tak, \u017ee nerozezn\u00e1 mezi po\u017eehnan\u00fdm Mordechajem a proklet\u00fdm Haman\u00e9m? Ka\u017ed\u00fd dosp\u011bl\u00fd by m\u011bl na purim vyp\u00edt v\u00edna v\u00edce ne\u017e obvykle. Kdo nechce p\u00edt, m\u011bl by si na chvilku zd\u0159\u00edmnout, aby tak\u00e9 \u201enev\u011bd\u011bl, kdo byl po\u017eehn\u00e1n a kdo proklet“. U\u010denci se sna\u017e\u00ed vysv\u011btlit hloubku tohoto p\u0159\u00edkazu poukazem na rozd\u00edl mezi oslavou dobra a zatracen\u00edm zla, ale druh\u00fd den bol\u00ed hlava v\u0161echny bez rozd\u00edlu.<\/p>\n

Maska.<\/strong> Na purim je zvykem nasadit si masku, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b cel\u00fd kost\u00fdm, a vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti pohybovat se mezi p\u0159\u00e1teli \u201einkognito“. To nen\u00ed zcela n\u00e1hodou. Pozorn\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 si v\u0161imne, \u017ee v cel\u00e9 megile nen\u00ed ani jednou zm\u00edn\u011bno Bo\u017e\u00ed jm\u00e9no. B\u016fh hal\u00ed v purimov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu svou p\u0159\u00edtomnost do h\u00e1vu \u201ekontroly p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho b\u011bhu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed“, zd\u00e1nliv\u011b do d\u011bje nezasahuje, (I jm\u00e9no kr\u00e1lovny Ester se odvozuje od slova seter \/skrytost\/.)<\/p>\n

Amalek.<\/strong> Ham\u00e1n je podle tradice potomkem kmene Amalek, n\u00e1roda, kter\u00fd napadl \u017didy poklidn\u011b putuj\u00edc\u00ed pou\u0161t\u00ed do Zasl\u00edben\u00e9 zem\u011b. Amalekit\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed \u201estarov\u011bk\u00e9 antisemity“ a jejich n\u00e1sledovn\u00edci se propl\u00e9taj\u00ed \u017eidovskou histori\u00ed jako \u010dern\u00e1 nit. Na\u0161\u00ed povinnost\u00ed je v\u017edy p\u0159ed purimem a na vlastn\u00ed purim \u010d\u00edst pas\u00e1\u017ee o Amalekitech, a tak si p\u0159ipom\u00ednat n\u00e1\u0161 st\u00e1l\u00fd boj s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi formami \u00fatlaku a nen\u00e1visti, kter\u00e9, k na\u0161\u00ed pramal\u00e9 radosti, \u010din\u00ed z d\u011bje knihy Ester st\u00e1le aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Historicky sv\u00e1tek purim slav\u00edme 14. adaru (v p\u0159estupn\u00e9m roce v adar \u0161eni) jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednku z\u00e1chrany \u017did\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v Persk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i v dob\u011b kr\u00e1tce po zni\u010den\u00ed prvn\u00edho jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu Babylo\u0148any.
\nHistorie. Babylo\u0148an\u00e9 se dlouho neradovali z v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed a ko\u0159isti, kter\u00e1 jim p\u0159ipadla po roce 586 p\u0159.o.l, kdy zni\u010dili prvn\u00edm jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd chr\u00e1m a rozvr\u00e1tili \u017eidovsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Davidovy dynastie. Pades\u00e1t let po dobyt\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma jejich vlastn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e padla do rukou Per\u0161an\u016fm. Do t\u00e9to doby, do prost\u0159ed\u00ed exulant\u016f z Jeruzal\u00e9ma, je situov\u00e1n zn\u00e1m\u00fd purimov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, kter\u00fd v detailech uv\u00e1d\u00ed Tanach \/hebrejsk\u00e1 bible, inici\u00e1ly souboru knih: …<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1015"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8658,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015\/revisions\/8658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1015"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1015"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1015"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}