{"id":24,"date":"2008-09-20T21:33:40","date_gmt":"2008-09-20T19:33:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/?page_id=24"},"modified":"2009-05-31T22:11:57","modified_gmt":"2009-05-31T20:11:57","slug":"historicky-vyvoj","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/historie\/historicky-vyvoj\/","title":{"rendered":"Historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj"},"content":{"rendered":"

Historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj \u017eidovsk\u00e9 komunity v Olomouci<\/strong><\/p>\n

Olomouc, d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 historick\u00e9 s\u00eddlo s mno\u017estv\u00edm kulturn\u00edch pam\u00e1tek, od 14. do 17. stolet\u00ed hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Moravy, dnes pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed centrum oblasti Han\u00e9, m\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e sv\u00e9 pohnut\u00e9 d\u011bjiny \u017eidovsk\u00e9 pospolitosti. V Olomouci, nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Moravy ran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku, t\u00e9\u017e d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 stanici a k\u0159i\u017eovatce d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho obchodu, mus\u00edme tud\u00ed\u017e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat jedno z nejstar\u0161\u00edch \u017eidovsk\u00fdch os\u00eddlen\u00ed v na\u0161\u00ed zemi.
\n Hodnov\u011brn\u00fdch historick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v je v\u0161ak poskrovnu 1) , aby n\u00e1m poskytly souvisl\u00fd obraz. Jednou z p\u016fvodn\u00edch podhradn\u00edch osad -je\u0161t\u011b z doby p\u0159ed lokac\u00ed m\u011bsta byla, vedle osad u sv. Michala, sv. Bla\u017eeje a sv. Mo\u0159ice, t\u00e9\u017e osada \u017eidovsk\u00e1, kterou podle p\u00edsemn\u00fdch zm\u00ednek a archeologick\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f t\u0159eba situovat na severn\u00ed svah Michalsk\u00e9ho neboli Juliova vrchu. Ulice byla pozd\u011bji zv\u00e1na \u017didovsk\u00e1 (platea judeorum).
\n P\u0159\u00edtomnost \u017eidovsk\u00fdch obchodn\u00edk\u016f a kupc\u016f p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me minim\u00e1ln\u011b od 11. stolet\u00ed. Kolem r. 1140 se o olomouck\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 \u010dtvrti zmi\u0148uje hebrejsk\u00fd cestovatel Isaak ben Dorbolo (m\u00edsto naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Almijz \u010di Olmijz). V letech 1239-46 bylo spojen\u00edm star\u0161\u00edch osad zalo\u017eeno kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 m\u011bsto, jeho\u017e b\u0159emena, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na m\u011bstsk\u00e9 opevn\u011bn\u00ed, m\u011bli podle privilegia c\u00edsa\u0159e Rudolfa Habsbursk\u00e9ho z 20. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1278 n\u00e9st s ostatn\u00edmi m\u011b\u0161\u0165any t\u00e9\u017e v Olomouci \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed \u017did\u00e9. V r. 1311 slavnostn\u011b v\u00edtali olomou\u010dt\u00ed \u017did\u00e9 proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho kr\u00e1le Jana Lucembursk\u00e9ho. Z let 1413-20 se zachoval latinsky psan\u00fd tzv. \u017eidovsk\u00fd registr \u010dili kniha \u017eidovsk\u00fdch z\u00e1p\u016fj\u010dek. 2) K r. 1445 zn\u00e1me jm\u00e9nem \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho fojta Mikul\u00e1\u0161e Apot\u00e9k\u00e1\u0159e, z r. 1434 poch\u00e1z\u00ed zpr\u00e1va, \u017ee augustini\u00e1ni prchl\u00ed Prost\u011bjova koupili d\u016fm v \u017didovsk\u00e9 ulici naproti \u017eidovsk\u00e9 \u0161kole – synagoze od \u017didovky Gail Aronovy.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 l\u00e9ta v\u0161ak zanedlouho skon\u010dila: na z\u00e1klad\u011b k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed franti\u0161k\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho mnicha Jana Kapistrana vypov\u011bd\u011bl \u017didy kr\u00e1l Ladislav Pohrobek listinou 3) z 22. \u010dervence 1454 z Olomouce a Uni\u010dova (a podobn\u011b z v\u011bt\u0161iny moravsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch m\u011bst) a daroval m\u011bstu jejich domy, synagogu a h\u0159bitov. \u017did\u00e9 museli m\u011bsto opustit do 11. listopadu a zanechat zde sv\u00e9 nemovitosti, za to se m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 kr\u00e1li zav\u00e1zali platit nap\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b \u017eidovskou da\u0148 40 kop gro\u0161\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b, splatn\u00fdch v\u017edy na sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed a na sv. Havla. Vypuzen\u00ed \u017did\u00e9 nalezli \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b v okoln\u00edch poddansk\u00fdch m\u011bstech Prost\u011bjov\u011b, Tova\u010dov\u011b, P\u0159erov\u011b, Lipn\u00edku nad Be\u010dvou a \u00dasov\u011b a odtud se datuje vznik tamn\u00edch \u017eidovsk\u00fdch obc\u00ed. Po dlouh\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i stalet\u00ed nesm\u011bli 4) potom \u017did\u00e9 v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m a nav\u00edc pozd\u011bji pevnostn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b p\u0159eb\u00fdvat; nap\u0159. r. 1745 potvrdila c\u00edsa\u0159ovna Marie Terezie z\u00e1kaz pobytu \u017did\u016fv Olomouci. Za jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9 vpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do m\u011bsta na trhy platili \u017did\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 osobn\u00ed poplatky (tzv.Leibmaut). Sm\u011bli tehdy – jen v ur\u010dit\u00fdch dnech – pouze p\u0159eb\u00fdvat na p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00edch, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u0159ejm\u011b na p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed B\u011blidlech, kde je v letech 1792 a\u017e 1861 zm\u00edn\u011bna \u017eidovsk\u00e1 ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 stravovna (n\u00e1jemcem byl kucha\u0159 Lazar Flamm) a od po\u010d. 19 . stol. soukrom\u00e1 modlitebna. Striktn\u00ed z\u00e1kaz byl od po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stol. v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b p\u0159estoupen vyd\u00e1n\u00edm ojedin\u011bl\u00fdch povolen\u00ed za zna\u010dn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stky.<\/p>\n

Teprve revolu\u010dn\u00ed rok 1848 odstranil st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eitky a p\u0159inesl \u017eidovsk\u00e9mu obyvatelstvu pln\u00e1 ob\u010dansk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va, v\u010detn\u011b pr\u00e1va voln\u00e9ho pobytu. Nastal dynamick\u00fd proces st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00fdch obyvatel z okoln\u00edch m\u011bste\u010dek a m\u011bst do velk\u00fdch, dosud zapov\u011bzen\u00fdch m\u011bst za lep\u0161\u00edmi ekonomick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami.
\n V r. 1865 byl zalo\u017een n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd spolek, jen\u017e se v r. 1892 prom\u011bnil v samostatnou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou obec (n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd spolek s modlitebnou existoval nav\u00edc na p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stol. v p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed Pavlovi\u010dk\u00e1ch a v nedalek\u00fdch m\u011bstech \u0160ternberku, Uni\u010dov\u011b a Litovli). V r. 1897 se v Olomouci uskute\u010dnil 1. sionistick\u00fd sjezd v rakousk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i s pozdravem Theodora Herzla. \u00da\u010dast na spole\u010densk\u00e9m, kulturn\u00edm a politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b m\u011bsta dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 existence \u010detn\u00fdch \u017eidovsk\u00fdch spolk\u016f (chevra kadi\u0161a – poh\u0159ebn\u00ed bratrstvo, r. 1893 zalo\u017een \u017eensk\u00fd dobro\u010dinn\u00fd spolek, r. 1901 \u017eidovsk\u00fd t\u011blocvi\u010dn\u00fd spolek, p\u0159ejmenovan\u00fd v r. 1927 na TJ Makkabi) a dobro\u010dinn\u00fdch humanitn\u00edch nadac\u00ed (nap\u0159. k r. 1906 jich bylo 42 s fondem 62.000 korun). V dob\u011b l. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se m\u011bsto stalo \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011bm stovek \u017eidovsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f z Hali\u010de.<\/p>\n

Konec kvetouc\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 komunit\u011b p\u0159inesla tragick\u00e1 l\u00e9ta nacistick\u00e9 okupace. Ob\u010dan\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, na n\u011b\u017e se vztahovaly rasistick\u00e9 tzv. norimbersk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony, byli postupn\u011b zbavov\u00e1ni ve\u0161ker\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a majetku. P\u011bti transporty (dne 26.\u010dervna 1942 s ozna\u010den\u00edm AAf, 30. \u010dervna 1942 AAg, 4. \u010dervence 1942 AAm, 8. \u010dervence 1942 AAo a 7. b\u0159ezna 1945 AE7) bylo deportov\u00e1no z m\u011bsta a okol\u00ed celkem 3.498 obyvatel do Terez\u00edna a pozd\u011bji do vyhlazovac\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f na v\u00fdchod\u011b. Jejich pam\u00e1tka je ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b na ja\u0159e o sv\u00e1tku Jom ha-\u0161oa p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1na tryznou v ob\u0159adn\u00ed s\u00edni nov\u00e9ho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova v Ne\u0159ed\u00edn\u011b. Na pr\u016f\u010del\u00ed budovy z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly v H\u00e1lkov\u011b ulici, kde byli \u017did\u00e9 z Olomoucka p\u0159ed deportac\u00ed v r.1942 soust\u0159e\u010fov\u00e1ni, odhalil velvyslanec St\u00e1tu Izrael v \u010cR p. Rafael Gvir dne 3. kv\u011btna 1996 pam\u011btn\u00ed desku (d\u00edlo kamenosocha\u0159e Milo\u0161e Br\u00fccknera).<\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nky:
\n Arizace \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho majetku v Olomouci v roce 1939 ( Doc. PhDr. Josef Barto\u0161, DrSc.)<\/a>
\n Akce Albrecht der Erste na st\u0159edn\u00ed Morav\u011b a zdej\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e1 komunita ( Doc. PhDr. Josef Barto\u0161, DrSc.) <\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u017didov\u0161t\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eili hr\u016fzy v\u00e1lky, je\u0161t\u011b v r. 1945 obnovili n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou obec. Po \u00fabytku \u010dlen\u016f st\u00e1\u0159\u00edm a emigrac\u00ed se olomouck\u00e1 komunita stala r.1962 v intenc\u00edch nov\u00e9ho krajsk\u00e9ho z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pouh\u00fdm synagog\u00e1ln\u00edm sborem v r\u00e1mci \u017dNO Ostrava. Teprve demokratick\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011bny spole\u010dnosti po r. 1989 p\u0159inesly o\u017eiven\u00ed kultovn\u00edho \u017eivota v Olomouci. Ke dni 1. dubna 1991 byla znovuobnovena samostatn\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 obec s oblastn\u00ed p\u016fsobnost\u00ed pro okresy Olomouc, \u0160umperk, Jesen\u00edk, Brunt\u00e1l a P\u0159erov.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Jednou ze sporn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v je zm\u00ednka G. Woln\u00e9ho (a odtud H. Golda), \u017ee \u017did\u00e9 \u017eili v Olomouci ji\u017e kolem r. 1060 roztrou\u0161eni mezi k\u0159es\u0165any,\u00a0ale kn\u00ed\u017ee\u00a0Vratislav II. jim na\u0159\u00eddil, \u017ee od p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b mus\u00ed bydlet spole\u010dn\u011b, a p\u0159ik\u00e1zal jim m\u00edsto na p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed B\u011blidla, kde st\u00e1la i \u017didovsk\u00e1 \u010dili\u00a0Bemardinsk\u00e1 br\u00e1na.<\/li>\n
  2. SOkA Olomouc, AM Olomouce, sb\u00edrka knih a rukopis\u016f, inv.\u010d.1822, sign.36. Mezi v\u011b\u0159iteli nalezneme nap\u0159. tato \u017eidovsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na: Isra,\u00a0Lazar,\u00a0Abraham, Jordan, Salomon, Bene\u0161, Munka, Merkel, \u0160efrelin, Gail, Liczko, Mu\u0161lin, Jekl, Smoyel, Tyczko.<\/li>\n
  3. SOkA Olomouc, AM Olomouc, sb\u00edrka listin, sign.206.<\/li>\n
  4. A\u017e na v\u00fdjimky: nap\u0159. roku 1622 m\u011bla v olomouck\u00e9 mincovn\u011b c\u00edsa\u0159em Ferdinandem pronajatu ra\u017ebu mince \u017eidovsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost Witteho.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a9\u00a0Jaroslav Klenovsk\u00fd<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj \u017eidovsk\u00e9 komunity v Olomouci
    \nOlomouc, d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 historick\u00e9 s\u00eddlo s mno\u017estv\u00edm kulturn\u00edch pam\u00e1tek, od 14. do 17. stolet\u00ed hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Moravy, dnes pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed centrum oblasti Han\u00e9, m\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e sv\u00e9 pohnut\u00e9 d\u011bjiny \u017eidovsk\u00e9 pospolitosti. V Olomouci, nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Moravy ran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku, t\u00e9\u017e d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 stanici a k\u0159i\u017eovatce d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho obchodu, mus\u00edme tud\u00ed\u017e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat jedno z nejstar\u0161\u00edch \u017eidovsk\u00fdch os\u00eddlen\u00ed v na\u0161\u00ed zemi.
    \n Hodnov\u011brn\u00fdch historick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v je v\u0161ak poskrovnu 1) , aby n\u00e1m poskytly souvisl\u00fd obraz. Jednou z p\u016fvodn\u00edch podhradn\u00edch osad -je\u0161t\u011b z doby p\u0159ed lokac\u00ed m\u011bsta byla, vedle osad u sv. Michala, sv. Bla\u017eeje …<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":20,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24\/revisions\/26"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kehila-olomouc.cz\/rs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}